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Seller: checkoutmyunqiuefunitems ✉️ (5,209) 99.7%, Location: Manchester, Take a look at my other items, GB, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 277115818015 Frankenstein Dracula Gun Metal Silver Coin Monster Vampire Sci Fi Halloween Old. Frankenstein Dracula Coin Horror Films This is a Uncirculated Gun Metal Silver Coin One side has an image Count Dracula holding his Candle Stick with candels burning with the word "Dracula" At the bottom the words are faded but appear to say "Bram Stoker 1897" the Author and year the book was first published The other side has Frankenstiens Monster with the Castle in the background and a lighting bolt It has the word "Frankenstein" but the last few leters have faded away Below are the words "Mary Shelley 1818" which is the Author and the year the book was published The coin is 40mm in diameter and weights about an ounce Comes in air-tight acrylic coin holder In Excellent Condition Would make an Excellent Gift or Collectable Keepsake souvineer for anyone who loves the horror genre Click Here to Check out my Similar Items Bid with Confidence - Check My 100% Positive Feedback from over 3000 Satisfied Customers - I have over 10 years of Ebay Selling Experience - So Why Not Treat Yourself? 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For other uses, see Frankenstein (disambiguation). Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus Volume I, first edition Author Mary Shelley Country England Language English Genre Gothic novel, horror fiction, science fiction[1] Set in England, Ireland, Italy, France, Scotland, Old Swiss Confederacy, Russian Empire, Holy Roman Empire; late 18th century Published 1 January 1818; 206 years ago Publisher Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor & Jones Pages 280 Dewey Decimal 823.7 LC Class PR5397 .F7 Preceded by History of a Six Weeks' Tour Followed by Valperga Text Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus at Wikisource Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is an 1818 novel written by English author Mary Shelley. Frankenstein tells the story of Victor Frankenstein, a young scientist who creates a sapient creature in an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was 18, and the first edition was published anonymously in London on 1 January 1818, when she was 20. Her name first appeared in the second edition, which was published in Paris in 1821. Shelley travelled through Europe in 1815, moving along the river Rhine in Germany, and stopping in Gernsheim, 17 kilometres (11 mi) away from Frankenstein Castle, where, two centuries before, an alchemist had engaged in experiments.[2][3][4][note 1] She then journeyed to the region of Geneva, Switzerland, where much of the story takes place. Galvanism and occult ideas were topics of conversation for her companions, particularly for her lover and future husband Percy Bysshe Shelley. In 1816, Mary, Percy, John Polidori, and Lord Byron had a competition to see who wrote the best horror story.[5] After thinking for days, Shelley was inspired to write Frankenstein after imagining a scientist who created life and was horrified by what he had made.[6] Frankenstein is infused with elements of the Gothic novel and the Romantic movement, and the novel has had a considerable influence on literature and on popular culture, spawning a complete genre of horror stories, films, and plays. Since the publication of the novel, the name "Frankenstein" has often been used, erroneously, to refer to the monster, rather than to his creator/father.[7][8][9] Summary Captain Walton introductory narrative Frankenstein is a frame story written in epistolary form. Set in the 18th century, it documents a fictional correspondence between Captain Robert Walton and his sister, Margaret Walton Saville. Robert Walton is a failed writer who sets out to explore the North Pole in hopes of expanding scientific knowledge. After departing from Archangel, the ship is trapped by pack ice on the journey across the Arctic Ocean. During this time, the crew spots a dog sled driven by a gigantic figure. A few hours later, the ice splits apart, freeing the ship, and the crew rescues a nearly frozen and emaciated man named Victor Frankenstein from a drifting ice floe. Frankenstein has been in pursuit of the gigantic man observed by Walton's crew. Frankenstein starts to recover from his exertion; he sees in Walton the same obsession that has destroyed him and recounts a story of his life's miseries to Walton as a warning. The recounted story serves as the frame for Frankenstein's narrative. Victor Frankenstein's narrative Victor begins by telling of his childhood. Born in Naples, Italy, into a wealthy Genevan family, Victor and his younger brothers, Ernest and William, are sons of Alphonse Frankenstein and the former Caroline Beaufort. From a young age, Victor has a strong desire to understand the world. He is obsessed with studying theories of alchemists, though when he is older he realizes that such theories are considerably outdated. When Victor is five years old, his parents adopt Elizabeth Lavenza (the orphaned daughter of an expropriated Italian nobleman) whom Victor plans to marry. Victor's parents later take in another child, Justine Moritz, who becomes William's nanny. Weeks before he leaves for the University of Ingolstadt in Germany, his mother dies of scarlet fever; Victor buries himself in his experiments to deal with the grief. At the university, he excels at chemistry and other sciences, soon developing a secret technique to impart life to non-living matter. He undertakes the creation of a humanoid, but due to the difficulty in replicating the minute parts of the human body, Victor makes the Creature tall, about 8 feet (2.4 m) in height, and proportionally large. Victor works at gathering the vital organs by pilfering charnel houses, mortuaries and by entrapping and vivisecting feral animals. Despite Victor selecting its features to be beautiful, upon animation the Creature is instead hideous, with dull and watery yellow eyes and yellow skin that barely conceals the muscles and blood vessels underneath. Repulsed by his work, Victor flees. While wandering the streets the next day, he meets his childhood friend, Henry Clerval, and takes Clerval back to his apartment, fearful of Clerval's reaction if he sees the monster. However, when Victor returns to his laboratory, the Creature is gone. Victor falls ill from the experience and is nursed back to health by Clerval. After recovering he forgets about the Creature and goes into Clerval's study of Oriental languages, which he considers the happiest time of his academic career. This is cut short when Victor receives a letter from his father notifying him of the murder of his brother William. Upon arriving in Geneva, Victor sees the Creature near the crime scene and becomes convinced that his creation is responsible. Justine Moritz, William's nanny, is convicted of the crime after William's locket, which contained a miniature portrait of Caroline, is found in her pocket. Victor knows that no one will believe him if he testifies that it was the doing of the Creature; Justine is hanged. Ravaged by grief and guilt, Victor takes up mountain climbing in the Alps. While hiking through Mont Blanc's Mer de Glace, he is suddenly approached by the Creature, who pleads for Victor to hear his tale. The Creature's narrative Intelligent and articulate, the Creature relates his first days of life, living alone in the wilderness. He found that people were afraid of him and hated him due to his appearance, which led him to fear and hide from them. While living in an abandoned structure connected to a cottage, he grew fond of the poor family living there and discreetly collected firewood for them, cleared snow away from their path, and performed other tasks to help them. Secretly living next to the cottage for months, the Creature learned that the son was going to marry a Turkish woman whom he was teaching his native language, which the Creature listened in on the lessons and taught himself to speak and write. The Creature also taught himself to read after discovering a lost satchel of books in the woods. When he saw his reflection in a pool, he realized his appearance was hideous, and it horrified him as much as it horrified normal humans. As he continued to learn of the family's plight, he grew increasingly attached to them, and eventually he approached the family in hopes of becoming their friend, entering the house while only the blind father was present. The two conversed, but on the return of the others, the rest of them were frightened. The blind man's son attacked him and the Creature fled the house. The next day, the family left their home out of fear that he would return. Witnessing this, the monster renounced any hope of being accepted by humanity, and vowed to get his revenge. Although he hated his creator for abandoning him, he decided to travel to Geneva to find him because he believed that Victor was the only person with a responsibility to help him. On the journey, he rescued a child who had fallen into a river, but her father, believing that the Creature intended to harm them, shot him in the shoulder. The Creature then swore revenge against all humans. He travelled to Geneva using details from a combination of Victor's journal and geography lessons gleaned from the family. When in Switzerland he chanced upon William who was at first frightened and the Creature held his wrist to calm him. When the boy screamed his full name and that he had powerful parents, this sparked the creature into killing the boy to spite Victor. The Creature said he took William's locket and placed it into the dress of Justine; who is then executed. The Creature demands that Victor create a female companion like himself. He argues that as a living being, he has a right to happiness. The Creature promises that he and his mate will vanish into the South American wilderness, never to reappear, if Victor grants his request. Should Victor refuse, the Creature threatens to kill Victor's remaining friends and loved ones and not stop until he completely ruins him. Fearing for his family, Victor reluctantly agrees. The Creature says he will watch over Victor's progress. Victor Frankenstein's narrative resumes Clerval accompanies Victor to England, but they separate, at Victor's insistence, at Perth, Scotland. Victor suspects that the Creature is following him. Working on the female creature in Orkney, he is plagued by premonitions of disaster. He fears that the female will hate the Creature or become more evil than he is. Even more worrying to him is the idea that creating the second creature might lead to the creation of a race of beings just as strong as the monster who could plague humanity. He tears apart the unfinished female creature after he sees the Creature, who had indeed followed Victor, watching through a window. The Creature immediately bursts through the door to confront Victor and demands he repair his destruction and resume work, but Victor refuses. The Creature leaves, but gives a final threat: "I will be with you on your wedding night." Victor interprets this as a threat upon his life, believing that the Creature will kill him after he finally becomes happy. Victor sails out to sea to dispose of his instruments, falls asleep in the boat, is unable to return to shore because of changes in the winds, falls unconscious, and ends up being blown to a coastal town in Ireland. When Victor awakens, he is arrested for murder. Despite the severity of the charges, he is met with some sympathy from the magistrate in charge of the trial, which suggests the case is crumbling. Victor is acquitted when people from Scotland testify they saw him in Orkney on the night of the murder. However, when shown the murder victim, Victor is horrified to see it was Henry Clerval, whom the Creature strangled as part of his promise to kill all his friends and family. Victor suffers another mental breakdown and after recovering, he returns home with his father, who has restored to Elizabeth some of her father's fortune. His father does not know of the cause behind the murders of William and Henry, but senses a curse and begs Victor to honor his mother's last wish that Victor marry Elizabeth. In Geneva, Victor is about to marry Elizabeth and prepares to fight the Creature to the death, arming himself with pistols and a dagger. The night following their wedding, Victor asks Elizabeth to stay in her room while he looks for "the fiend". While Victor searches the house and grounds, the Creature strangles Elizabeth. From the window, Victor sees the Creature, who tauntingly points at Elizabeth's corpse; Victor tries to shoot him, but the Creature escapes. Victor's father, weakened by age and by the death of Elizabeth, dies a few days later. Seeking revenge, Victor pursues the Creature through Europe, then north into Russia, with his adversary staying ahead of him every step of the way. Eventually, the chase leads to the Arctic Ocean and then on towards the North Pole, and Victor reaches a point where he is within a mile of the Creature, but he collapses from exhaustion and hypothermia before he can find his quarry, allowing the Creature to escape. Eventually the ice around Victor's sledge breaks apart, and the resultant ice floe comes within range of Walton's ship. Captain Walton's conclusion At the end of Victor's narrative, Captain Walton resumes telling the story. A few days after the Creature vanishes, the ship is trapped by pack ice for a second time, and several crewmen die in the cold before the rest of Walton's crew insists on returning south once it is freed. Upon hearing the crew's demands, Victor is angered and, despite his condition, gives a powerful speech to them. He reminds them of why they chose to join the expedition and that it is hardship and danger, not comfort, that defines a glorious undertaking such as theirs. He urges them to be men, not cowards. However, although the speech makes an impression on the crew, it is not enough to change their minds and when the ship is freed, Walton regretfully decides to return south. Victor, even though he is in a very weak condition, states that he will go on by himself. He is adamant that the Creature must die. Victor dies shortly thereafter, telling Walton, in his last words, to seek "happiness in tranquility and avoid ambition." Walton discovers the Creature on his ship, mourning over Victor's body. The Creature tells Walton that Victor's death has not brought him peace; rather, his crimes have made him even more miserable than Victor ever was. The Creature vows to burn himself on a funeral pyre so that no one else will ever know of his existence. Walton watches as the Creature drifts away on an ice raft, never to be seen again. Author's background Mary Shelley by Richard Rothwell (1840–41) Mary Shelley's mother, Mary Wollstonecraft, died from infection eleven days after giving birth to her. Shelley grew close to her father, William Godwin, having never known her mother. Godwin hired a nurse, who briefly cared for her and her half sister, before marrying second wife Mary Jane Clairmont, who did not like the close bond between Shelley and her father. The resulting friction caused Godwin to favour his other children. Shelley's father was a famous author of the time, and her education was of great importance to him, although it was not formal. Shelley grew up surrounded by her father's friends, writers, and persons of political importance, who often gathered at the family home. This inspired her authorship at an early age. Mary, at the age of sixteen, met Percy Bysshe Shelley (who later became her husband) while he was visiting her father. Godwin did not approve of the relationship between his daughter and an older, married man, so they fled to France along with her stepsister, Claire Clairmont. It was during their trip to France that Percy probably had an affair with Mary's stepsister, Claire.[10] On 22 February 1815, Shelley gave birth prematurely to her first child, Clara, who died two weeks later. Over eight years, she endured a similar pattern of pregnancy and loss, one haemorrhage occurring until Percy placed her upon ice to cease the bleeding.[11] In the summer of 1816, Mary, Percy, and Claire took a trip to visit Claire's lover, Lord Byron, in Geneva. Poor weather conditions, more akin to winter, forced Byron and the visitors to stay indoors. To help pass time, Byron suggested that he, Mary, Percy, and Byron's physician, John Polidori, have a competition to write the best ghost story to pass time stuck indoors.[12] Historians suggest that an affair occurred too, even that the father of one of Shelley's children may have been Byron.[11] Mary was just eighteen years old when she won the contest with her creation of Frankenstein.[13][14] Literary influences Shelley's work was heavily influenced by that of her parents. Her father was famous for Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and her mother famous for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Her father's novels also influenced her writing of Frankenstein. These novels included Things as They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams, St. Leon, and Fleetwood. All of these books were set in Switzerland, similar to the setting in Frankenstein. Some major themes of social affections and the renewal of life that appear in Shelley's novel stem from these works she had in her possession. Other literary influences that appear in Frankenstein are Pygmalion et Galatée by Mme de Genlis, and Ovid, with the use of individuals identifying the problems with society.[15] Ovid also inspires the use of Prometheus in Shelley's title.[16] The influence of John Milton's Paradise Lost and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner are clearly evident in the novel. In The Frankenstein of the French Revolution, author Julia Douthwaite posits that Shelley probably acquired some ideas for Frankenstein's character from Humphry Davy's book Elements of Chemical Philosophy, in which he had written that "science has ... bestowed upon man powers which may be called creative; which have enabled him to change and modify the beings around him ...". References to the French Revolution run through the novel; a likely source is François-Félix Nogaret [fr]'s Le Miroir des événemens actuels, ou la Belle au plus offrant (1790), a political parable about scientific progress featuring an inventor named Frankésteïn, who creates a life-sized automaton.[17] Both Frankenstein and the monster quote passages from Percy Shelley's 1816 poem, "Mutability", and its theme of the role of the subconscious is discussed in prose. Percy Shelley's name never appeared as the author of the poem, although the novel credits other quoted poets by name. Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" (1798) is associated with the theme of guilt and William Wordsworth's "Tintern Abbey" (1798) with that of innocence. Many writers and historians have attempted to associate several then-popular natural philosophers (now called physical scientists) with Shelley's work because of several notable similarities. Two of the most noted natural philosophers among Shelley's contemporaries were Giovanni Aldini, who made many public attempts at human reanimation through bio-electric Galvanism in London,[18] and Johann Konrad Dippel, who was supposed to have developed chemical means to extend the life span of humans. While Shelley was aware of both of these men and their activities, she makes no mention of or reference to them or their experiments in any of her published or released notes. Ideas about life and death discussed by Percy and Byron were of great interest to scientists of that time. They discussed ideas from Erasmus Darwin and the experiments of Luigi Galvani as well as James Lind.[19] Mary joined these conversations and the ideas of Darwin, Galvani and perhaps Lind were present in her novel. Shelley's personal experiences also influenced the themes within Frankenstein. The themes of loss, guilt, and the consequences of defying nature present in the novel all developed from Mary Shelley's own life. The loss of her mother, the relationship with her father, and the death of her first child are thought to have inspired the monster and his separation from parental guidance. In a 1965 issue of The Journal of Religion and Health a psychologist proposed that the theme of guilt stemmed from her not feeling good enough for Percy because of the loss of their child.[14] Composition Draft of Frankenstein ("It was on a dreary night of November that I beheld my man completed ...") During the rainy summer of 1816, the "Year Without a Summer", the world was locked in a long, cold volcanic winter caused by the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815.[20][21] Mary Shelley, aged 18, and her lover (and future husband), Percy Bysshe Shelley, visited Lord Byron at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva, in Switzerland's Alps. The weather was too cold and dreary that summer to enjoy the outdoor holiday activities they had planned, so the group retired indoors until dawn. Sitting around a log fire at Byron's villa, the company amused themselves by reading German ghost stories translated into French from the book Fantasmagoriana.[22] Byron proposed that they "each write a ghost story."[23] Unable to think of a story, Mary Shelley became anxious. She recalled being asked "Have you thought of a story?" each morning, and every time being "forced to reply with a mortifying negative."[24] During one evening in the middle of summer, the discussions turned to the nature of the principle of life. "Perhaps a corpse would be re-animated," Mary noted, "galvanism had given token of such things".[25] It was after midnight before they retired and, unable to sleep, she became possessed by her imagination as she beheld the "grim terrors" of her "waking dream".[6] I saw the pale student of unhallowed arts kneeling beside the thing he had put together. I saw the hideous phantasm of a man stretched out, and then, on the working of some powerful engine, show signs of life, and stir with an uneasy, half vital motion. Frightful must it be; for supremely frightful would be the effect of any human endeavour to mock the stupendous mechanism of the Creator of the world.[26] In September 2011, astronomer Donald Olson, after a visit to the Lake Geneva villa the previous year and inspecting data about the motion of the moon and stars, concluded that her "waking dream" took place between 2 a.m. and 3 a.m. on 16 June 1816, several days after the initial idea by Lord Byron that they each write a ghost story.[27] Mary Shelley began writing what she assumed would be a short story, but with Percy Shelley's encouragement, she expanded the tale into a fully-fledged novel.[28] She later described that summer in Switzerland as the moment "when I first stepped out from childhood into life."[29] Shelley wrote the first four chapters in the weeks following the suicide of her half-sister Fanny.[30] This was one of many personal tragedies that impacted Shelley's work. Shelley's first child died in infancy, and when she began composing Frankenstein in 1816, she was probably nursing her second child, who was also dead by the time of Frankenstein's publication.[31] Shelley wrote much of the book while residing in a lodging house in the centre of Bath in 1816.[32] Byron managed to write just a fragment based on the vampire legends he heard while travelling the Balkans, and from this John Polidori created The Vampyre (1819), the progenitor of the romantic vampire literary genre. Thus two seminal horror tales originated from the conclave. The group talked about Enlightenment and Counter-Enlightenment ideas as well. Mary Shelley believed the Enlightenment idea that society could progress and grow if political leaders used their powers responsibly; however, she also believed the Romantic ideal that misused power could destroy society.[33] Shelley's manuscripts for the first three-volume edition in 1818 (written 1816–1817), as well as the fair copy for her publisher, are now housed in the Bodleian Library in Oxford. The Bodleian acquired the papers in 2004, and they belong now to the Abinger Collection.[34][35] In 2008, the Bodleian published a new edition of Frankenstein, edited by Charles E. Robinson, that contains comparisons of Mary Shelley's original text with Percy Shelley's additions and interventions alongside.[36] Frankenstein and the Monster The Creature Main article: Frankenstein's monster An English editorial cartoonist conceives the Irish Fenian movement as akin to Frankenstein's creature, in the wake of the Phoenix Park murders in an 1882 issue of Punch.[37] Although the Creature was described in later works as a composite of whole body parts grafted together from cadavers and reanimated by the use of electricity, this description is not consistent with Shelley's work; both the use of electricity and the cobbled-together image of Frankenstein's monster were more the result of James Whale's popular 1931 film adaptation of the story and other early motion-picture works based on the creature. In Shelley's original work, Victor Frankenstein discovers a previously unknown but elemental principle of life, and that insight allows him to develop a method to imbue vitality into inanimate matter, though the exact nature of the process is left ambiguous. After a great deal of hesitation in exercising this power, Frankenstein spends two years painstakingly constructing the Creature's body (one anatomical feature at a time, from raw materials supplied by "the dissecting room and the slaughter-house"), which he then brings to life using his unspecified process. Part of Frankenstein's rejection of his creation is the fact that he does not give him a name. Instead, Frankenstein's creation is referred to by words such as "wretch", "monster", "creature", "demon", "devil", "fiend", and "it". When Frankenstein converses with the creature, he addresses him as "vile insect", "abhorred monster", "fiend", "wretched devil", and "abhorred devil". In the novel, the creature is compared to Adam,[38] the first man in the Garden of Eden. The monster also compares himself with the "fallen" angel. Speaking to Frankenstein, the monster says "I ought to be thy Adam, but I am rather the fallen angel". That angel would be Lucifer (meaning "light-bringer") in Milton's Paradise Lost, which the monster has read. Adam is also referred to in the epigraph of the 1818 edition:[39] Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay To mould Me man? Did I solicit thee From darkness to promote me?[40] Some have posited the creature as a composite of Percy Shelley and Thomas Paine. If the creature's hatred for Victor and his desire to raise a child mirror Percy's filial rebelliousness and his longing to adopt children, his desire to do good and his persecution can be said to echo Paine's utopian visions and fate in England.[41] The Creature has often been mistakenly called Frankenstein. In 1908, one author said "It is strange to note how well-nigh universally the term "Frankenstein" is misused, even by intelligent people, as describing some hideous monster."[42] Edith Wharton's The Reef (1916) describes an unruly child as an "infant Frankenstein".[43] David Lindsay's "The Bridal Ornament", published in The Rover, 12 June 1844, mentioned "the maker of poor Frankenstein". After the release of Whale's cinematic Frankenstein, the public at large began speaking of the Creature itself as "Frankenstein". This misnomer continued with the successful sequel Bride of Frankenstein (1935), as well as in film titles such as Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein. Illustration by Theodor von Holst from the frontispiece of the 1831 edition[44] Origin of Victor Frankenstein's name Mary Shelley maintained that she derived the name Frankenstein from a dream-vision. This claim has since been disputed and debated by scholars that have suggested alternative sources for Shelley's inspiration.[45] The German name Frankenstein means "stone of the Franks", and is associated with various places in Germany, including Frankenstein Castle (Burg Frankenstein) in Darmstadt, Hesse, and Frankenstein Castle in Frankenstein, a town in the Palatinate. There is also a castle called Frankenstein in Bad Salzungen, Thuringia, and a municipality called Frankenstein in Saxony. The town of Frankenstein in Silesia (now Ząbkowice, Poland) was the site of a scandal involving gravediggers in 1606, and this has been suggested as an inspiration to the author.[46] Finally, the name is borne by the aristocratic House of Franckenstein from Franconia. Radu Florescu argued that Mary and Percy Shelley visited Frankenstein Castle near Darmstadt in 1814, where alchemist Johann Konrad Dippel had experimented with human bodies, and reasoned that Mary suppressed mention of her visit to maintain her public claim of originality.[47] A literary essay by A.J. Day supports Florescu's position that Mary Shelley knew of and visited Frankenstein Castle before writing her debut novel.[48] Day includes details of an alleged description of the Frankenstein castle in Mary Shelley's "lost journals". However, according to Jörg Heléne, Day's and Florescu's claims cannot be verified.[49] A possible interpretation of the name "Victor" is derived from Paradise Lost by John Milton, a great influence on Shelley (a quotation from Paradise Lost is on the opening page of Frankenstein and Shelley writes that the monster reads it in the novel).[50][51] Milton frequently refers to God as "the victor" in Paradise Lost, and Victor's creation of life in the novel is compared to God's creation of life in Paradise Lost. In addition, Shelley's portrayal of the monster owes much to the character of Satan in Paradise Lost; and, the monster says in the story, after reading the epic poem, that he empathizes with Satan's role. Parallels between Victor Frankenstein and Mary's husband, Percy Shelley, have also been drawn. Percy Shelley was the first-born son of a wealthy country squire with strong political connections and a descendant of Sir Bysshe Shelley, 1st Baronet of Castle Goring, and Richard Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel.[52] Similarly, Victor's family is one of the most distinguished of that republic and his ancestors were counsellors and syndics. Percy's sister and Victor's adopted sister were both named Elizabeth. There are many other similarities, from Percy's usage of "Victor" as a pen name for Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire, a collection of poetry he wrote with Elizabeth,[53] to Percy's days at Eton, where he had "experimented with electricity and magnetism as well as with gunpowder and numerous chemical reactions," and the way in which Percy's rooms at Oxford were filled with scientific equipment.[54][55] Modern Prometheus The Modern Prometheus is the novel's subtitle (though modern editions now drop it, only mentioning it in introduction).[56] Prometheus, in versions of Greek mythology, was the Titan who created humans in the image of the gods so that they could have a spirit breathed into them at the behest of Zeus.[57] Prometheus then taught humans to hunt, but after he tricked Zeus into accepting "poor-quality offerings" from humans, Zeus kept fire from humankind. Prometheus took back the fire from Zeus to give to humanity. When Zeus discovered this, he sentenced Prometheus to be eternally punished by fixing him to a rock of Caucasus, where each day an eagle pecked out his liver, only for the liver to regrow the next day because of his immortality as a god. As a Pythagorean, or believer in An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty by Joseph Ritson,[58] Mary Shelley saw Prometheus not as a hero but rather as something of a devil, and blamed him for bringing fire to humanity and thereby seducing the human race to the vice of eating meat.[59] Percy wrote several essays on what became known as vegetarianism including A Vindication of Natural Diet.[58] In 1910, Edison Studios released the first motion-picture adaptation of Shelley's story. Byron was particularly attached to the play Prometheus Bound by Aeschylus, and Percy Shelley soon wrote his own Prometheus Unbound (1820). The term "Modern Prometheus" was derived from Immanuel Kant who described Benjamin Franklin as the "Prometheus of modern times" in reference to his experiments with electricity.[60] Publication Shelley completed her writing in April/May 1817, and Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus was published on 1 January 1818[61] by the small London publishing house Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones.[62][63] It was issued anonymously, with a preface written for Mary by Percy Bysshe Shelley and with a dedication to philosopher William Godwin, her father. It was published in an edition of just 500 copies in three volumes, the standard "triple-decker" format for 19th-century first editions. A variety of different editions A French translation (Frankenstein: ou le Prométhée Moderne, translated by Jules Saladin) appeared as early as 1821. The second English edition of Frankenstein was published on 11 August 1823 in two volumes (by G. and W. B. Whittaker) following the success of the stage play Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein by Richard Brinsley Peake.[64] This edition credited Mary Shelley as the book's author on its title page. On 31 October 1831, the first "popular" edition in one volume appeared, published by Henry Colburn & Richard Bentley.[65] This edition was heavily revised by Mary Shelley, partially to make the story less radical. It included a lengthy new preface by the author, presenting a somewhat embellished version of the genesis of the story. This edition is the one most widely published and read now, although a few editions follow the 1818 text.[66] Some scholars such as Anne K. Mellor prefer the original version, arguing that it preserves the spirit of Mary Shelley's vision.[67] Reception Frankenstein has been both well received and disregarded since its anonymous publication in 1818. Critical reviews of that time demonstrate these two views, along with confused speculation as to the identity of the author. Walter Scott, writing in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, praises the novel as an "extraordinary tale, in which the author seems to us to disclose uncommon powers of poetic imagination," although he was less convinced about the way in which the monster gains knowledge about the world and language.[68] La Belle Assemblée described the novel as "very bold fiction"[69] and the Edinburgh Magazine and Literary Miscellany hoped to see "more productions ... from this author".[70] On the other hand, John Wilson Croker, writing anonymously in the Quarterly Review, although conceding that "the author has powers, both of conception and language," described the book as "a tissue of horrible and disgusting absurdity."[71] In two other reviews where the author is known as the daughter of William Godwin, the criticism of the novel makes reference to the feminine nature of Mary Shelley. The British Critic attacks the novel's flaws as the fault of the author: "The writer of it is, we understand, a female; this is an aggravation of that which is the prevailing fault of the novel; but if our authoress can forget the gentleness of her sex, it is no reason why we should; and we shall therefore dismiss the novel without further comment".[72] The Literary Panorama and National Register attacks the novel as a "feeble imitation of Mr. Godwin's novels" produced by the "daughter of a celebrated living novelist."[73] Despite these reviews, Frankenstein achieved an almost immediate popular success. It became widely known, especially through melodramatic theatrical adaptations—Mary Shelley saw a production of Presumption; or The Fate of Frankenstein, a play by Richard Brinsley Peake, in 1823. Critical reception of Frankenstein has been largely positive since the mid-20th century.[74] Major critics such as M. A. Goldberg and Harold Bloom have praised the "aesthetic and moral" relevance of the novel,[75] although there have also been critics, such as Germaine Greer, who criticized the novel for technical and narrative defects: for example, she claimed that its three narrators all speak in the same way.[76] In more recent years the novel has become a popular subject for psychoanalytic and feminist criticism: Lawrence Lipking states: "[E]ven the Lacanian subgroup of psychoanalytic criticism, for instance, has produced at least half a dozen discrete readings of the novel".[77] Frankenstein has frequently been recommended on Five Books, with literary scholars, psychologists, novelists, and historians citing it as an influential text.[78] Today, the novel is generally considered to be a landmark work as one of the greatest Romantic and Gothic novels, as well as one of the first science fiction novels.[79] Brian Aldiss has argued for regarding it as the first true science-fiction story. In contrast to previous stories with fantastical elements resembling those of later science fiction, Aldiss states, the central character "makes a deliberate decision" and "turns to modern experiments in the laboratory" to achieve fantastic results.[80] Film director Guillermo del Toro describes Frankenstein as "the quintessential teenage book", noting that the feelings that "You don't belong. You were brought to this world by people that don't care for you and you are thrown into a world of pain and suffering, and tears and hunger" are an important part of the story. He adds that "it's an amazing book written by a teenage girl. It's mind-blowing."[81] Professor of philosophy Patricia MacCormack says that the Creature addresses the most fundamental human questions: "It's the idea of asking your maker what your purpose is. Why are we here, what can we do?"[81] On 5 November 2019, BBC News included Frankenstein in its list of the 100 most influential novels.[82] In 2021 it was one of six classic science fiction novels by British authors selected by Royal Mail to be featured on a series of UK postage stamps.[83] Films, plays, and television Main articles: Frankenstein in popular culture and List of films featuring Frankenstein's monster The 1931 film,[84] with Boris Karloff playing the monster, is considered the most prominent portrayal of Frankenstein.[85] See also flag United Kingdom portal icon Books portal Frankenstein authorship question Frankenstein argument Frankenstein complex Frankenstein in Baghdad Frankenstein in popular culture John Murray Spear Golem Homunculus List of dreams Frankenstein's Promethean dimension Gothic aspects in Frankenstein Notes This seems to mean Johann Konrad Dippel (1673–1734), one century before (not two). For Dippel's experiments and the possibility of connection to Frankenstein see the Dippel article. References Stableford, Brian (1995). "Frankenstein and the Origins of Science Fiction". In Seed, David (ed.). Anticipations: Essays on Early Science Fiction and its Precursors. Syracuse University Press. pp. 47–49. ISBN 978-0815626404. Retrieved 19 July 2018. Hobbler, Dorthy and Thomas. The Monsters: Mary Shelley and the Curse of Frankenstein. Back Bay Books; 20 August 2007. Garrett, Martin. Mary Shelley. Oxford University Press, 2002 Seymour, Miranda. Mary Shelley. Atlanta, GA: Grove Press, 2002. pp. 110–11 McGasko, Joe. "Her 'Midnight Pillow': Mary Shelley and the Creation of Frankenstein". Biography. Archived from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019. "The Project Gutenberg eBook of Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary W. Shelley". Retrieved 29 December 2022 – via Project Gutenberg. 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"Did a Volcanic Eruption in Indonesia Really Lead to the Creation of Frankenstein?". The Conversation. Sunstein, 118. Dr. John Polidori, "The Vampyre" 1819, The New Monthly Magazine and Universal Register; London: H. Colburn, 1814–1820. Vol. 1, No. 63. paragraph 7, Introduction, Frankenstein 1831 edition paragraph 8, Introduction, Frankenstein 1831 edition paragraph 10, Introduction, Frankenstein 1831 edition Quoted in Spark, 157, from Mary Shelley's introduction to the 1831 edition of Frankenstein. "Frankenstein's hour of creation identified by astronomers". The Guardian. London. 25 September 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2022. Bennett, An Introduction, 30–31; Sunstein, 124. Sunstein, 117. Hay, 103. Lepore, Jill (5 February 2018). "The Strange and Twisted Life of 'Frankenstein'". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018. Kennedy, Mave (26 February 2018). "'A 200-year-old secret': plaque to mark Bath's hidden role in Frankenstein". 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Retrieved 31 December 2007. from the travelling exhibition Frankenstein: Penetrating the Secrets of Nature Archived 9 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine Shelley, Mary (1818). Frankenstein (1 ed.). John Milton, Paradise Lost (X. 743–45) Chiu, Frances A. "Reform, Revolution, and the relevance of Frankenstein in 2020" in Frankenstein Reanimated: Conversations with Artists in Dystopian Times, ed. by Marc Garrett and Yiannis Colakides. London: Torque, 2022, 33–44. Johnson, Rossiter (1908). Author's digest : the world's great stories in brief. Vol. 16, Robert Louis Stevenson to Albion Winegar Tourgée. unknown library. [New York] : Issued under the auspices of the Author's Press. The Reef, p. 96. This illustration is reprinted in the frontispiece to the 2008 edition of Frankenstein Archived 7 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine Gray, Paul (23 July 1979). "Books: The Man-Made Monster". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 21 September 2020. zapomniana, Historia (24 January 2016). 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The Frankenstein Notebooks: A Facsimile Edition. Vol. 1. Garland Publishing, Inc. p. xxv. Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2017. She began that novel as Mary Godwin in June 1816 when she was eighteen years old, she finished it as Mary Shelley in April/May 1817 when she was nineteen . . . and she published it anonymously on 1 January 1818 when she was twenty. Bennett, Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft. Shelley: An Introduction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998 D. L. Macdonald and Kathleen Scherf, "A Note on the Text", Frankenstein, 2nd ed., Peterborough: Broadview Press, 1999. Wollstonecraft Shelley, Mary (2000). Frankenstein. Bedford Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-0312227623. See forward to Barnes and Noble classic edition.[full citation needed] The edition published by Forgotten Books is the original text, as is the "Ignatius Critical Edition". Vintage Books has an edition presenting both versions. Mellor, Anne K. (1990). "Choosing a Text of Frankenstein to Teach". In Behrendt, Stephen C. (ed.). Approaches to Teaching Shelley's Frankenstein. New York: Modern Language Association of America. pp. 31–37. ISBN 0-87352-539-6. [Reprinted in the Norton Critical Edition.] Scott, Walter (March 1818). "Remarks on Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus; A Novel". Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine: 613–620. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020. "Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. 3 vols. 12mo. Lackington and Co". La Belle Assemblée. New Series. 1 February 1818. pp. 139–142. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020. "Review – Frankenstein". The Edinburgh Magazine and Literary Miscellany. New Series. March 1818. pp. 249–253. "Review of Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus". The Quarterly Review. 18: 379–85. January 1818. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2017. "Art. XII. Frankenstein: or the Modern Prometheus. 3 vols. 12mo. 16s. 6d. Lackington and Co. 1818". The British Critic. New Series. 9: 432–438. April 1818. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020. "Frankenstein; or, the modern Prometheus. 3 vols. Lackington and Co. 1818". The Literary Panorama and National Register. New Series. 8: 411–414. June 1818. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020. "Enotes.com". Enotes.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2010. "KCTCS.edu". Octc.kctcs.edu. Archived from the original on 15 November 2004. Retrieved 28 August 2010. Germaine Greer (9 April 2007). "Yes, Frankenstein really was written by Mary Shelley. It's obvious – because the book is so bad". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016. L. Lipking. Frankenstein the True Story; or Rousseau Judges Jean-Jacques. (Published in the Norton critical edition. 1996) Five Books. "Frankenstein by Mary Shelley | Five Books Expert Reviews". Five Books. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019. "LALEXAND\html\frankqst". utm.edu. Retrieved 29 December 2022. Aldiss, Brian Wilson (1995). The detached retina : aspects of SF and fantasy. Internet Archive. Syracuse, N.Y. : Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-2681-7. "Frankenstein: Behind the monster smash". BBC. 1 January 2018. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018. "100 'most inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts". BBC News. 5 November 2019. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019. The reveal kickstarts the BBC's year-long celebration of literature. "Stamps to feature original artworks celebrating classic science fiction novels". Yorkpress.co.uk. 9 April 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2022. "Frankenstein. 1931.1080p. Blu Ray. H 264. AAC RARBG." Internet Archive, 1931, archive.org/details/frankenstein.1931.1080p.bluray.h264.aacrarbg. Anderson, John (25 January 2022). "'Boris Karloff: The Man Behind the Monster' Review: A Very Different Creature". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 26 January 2022. Sources Aldiss, Brian W. "On the Origin of Species: Mary Shelley". Speculations on Speculation: Theories of Science Fiction. Eds. James Gunn and Matthew Candelaria. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow, 2005. Baldick, Chris. In Frankenstein's Shadow: Myth, Monstrosity, and Nineteenth-Century Writing. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Bann, Stephen, ed. "Frankenstein": Creation and Monstrosity. London: Reaktion, 1994. Behrendt, Stephen C., ed. Approaches to Teaching Shelley's "Frankenstein". New York: MLA, 1990. Bennett, Betty T. and Stuart Curran, eds. Mary Shelley in Her Times. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. Bennett, Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley: An Introduction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8018-5976-X. Bohls, Elizabeth A. "Standards of Taste, Discourses of 'Race', and the Aesthetic Education of a Monster: Critique of Empire in Frankenstein". Eighteenth-Century Life 18.3 (1994): 23–36. Botting, Fred. Making Monstrous: "Frankenstein", Criticism, Theory. New York: St. Martin's, 1991. Chapman, D. That Not Impossible She: A study of gender construction and Individualism in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, UK: Concept, 2011. ISBN 978-1480047617 Clery, E. J. Women's Gothic: From Clara Reeve to Mary Shelley. Plymouth: Northcote House, 2000. Conger, Syndy M., Frederick S. Frank, and Gregory O'Dea, eds. Iconoclastic Departures: Mary Shelley after "Frankenstein": Essays in Honor of the Bicentenary of Mary Shelley's Birth. Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1997. Donawerth, Jane. Frankenstein's Daughters: Women Writing Science Fiction. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1997. Douthwaite, Julia V. "The Frankenstein of the French Revolution," chapter two of The Frankenstein of 1790 and other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France Archived 16 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012. Dunn, Richard J. "Narrative Distance in Frankenstein". Studies in the Novel 6 (1974): 408–17. Eberle-Sinatra, Michael, ed. Mary Shelley's Fictions: From "Frankenstein" to "Falkner". New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. Ellis, Kate Ferguson. The Contested Castle: Gothic Novels and the Subversion of Domestic Ideology. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989. Florescu, Radu (1996). In Search of Frankenstein: Exploring the Myths Behind Mary Shelley's Monster (2nd ed.). London: Robson Books. ISBN 978-1-861-05033-5. Forry, Steven Earl. Hideous Progenies: Dramatizations of "Frankenstein" from Mary Shelley to the Present. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990. Freedman, Carl. "Hail Mary: On the Author of Frankenstein and the Origins of Science Fiction". Science Fiction Studies 29.2 (2002): 253–64. Gigante, Denise. "Facing the Ugly: The Case of Frankenstein". ELH 67.2 (2000): 565–87. Gilbert, Sandra and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979. Hay, Daisy "Young Romantics" (2010): 103. Heffernan, James A. W. "Looking at the Monster: Frankenstein and Film". Critical Inquiry 24.1 (1997): 133–58. Hodges, Devon. "Frankenstein and the Feminine Subversion of the Novel". Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 2.2 (1983): 155–64. Hoeveler, Diane Long. Gothic Feminism: The Professionalization of Gender from Charlotte Smith to the Brontës. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998. Holmes, Richard. Shelley: The Pursuit. 1974. London: Harper Perennial, 2003. ISBN 0-00-720458-2. Jones, Frederick L. (1952). "Shelley and Milton". Studies in Philology. 49 (3): 488–519. JSTOR 4173024. Knoepflmacher, U. C. and George Levine, eds. The Endurance of "Frankenstein": Essays on Mary Shelley's Novel. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979. Lew, Joseph W. "The Deceptive Other: Mary Shelley's Critique of Orientalism in Frankenstein". Studies in Romanticism 30.2 (1991): 255–83. London, Bette. "Mary Shelley, Frankenstein, and the Spectacle of Masculinity". PMLA 108.2 (1993): 256–67. Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley: Her Life, Her Fiction, Her Monsters. New York: Methuen, 1988. Michaud, Nicolas, Frankenstein and Philosophy: The Shocking Truth, Chicago: Open Court, 2013. Miles, Robert. Gothic Writing 1750–1820: A Genealogy. London: Routledge, 1993. Milner, Andrew. Literature, Culture and Society. London: Routledge, 2005, ch.5. O'Flinn, Paul. "Production and Reproduction: The Case of Frankenstein". Literature and History 9.2 (1983): 194–213. Poovey, Mary. The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and Jane Austen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. Rauch, Alan. "The Monstrous Body of Knowledge in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein". Studies in Romanticism 34.2 (1995): 227–53. Selbanev, Xtopher. "Natural Philosophy of the Soul", Western Press, 1999. Schor, Esther, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Mary Shelley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Scott, Grant F. (April–June 2012). "Victor's Secret: Queer Gothic in Lynd Ward's Illustrations to Frankenstein (1934)". Word & Image. 28 (2): 206–32. doi:10.1080/02666286.2012.687545. S2CID 154238300. Smith, Johanna M., ed. Frankenstein. Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1992. Spark, Muriel. Mary Shelley. London: Cardinal, 1987. ISBN 0-7474-0318-X. Stableford, Brian. "Frankenstein and the Origins of Science Fiction". Anticipations: Essays on Early Science Fiction and Its Precursors. Ed. David Seed. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1995. Sunstein, Emily W. Mary Shelley: Romance and Reality. 1989. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-8018-4218-2. Tropp, Martin. Mary Shelley's Monster. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976. Veeder, William. Mary Shelley & Frankenstein: The Fate of Androgyny. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Williams, Anne. The Art of Darkness: A Poetics of Gothic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. Further reading Richard Holmes, "Out of Control" (review of Mary Shelley, Frankenstein, Or, The Modern Prometheus: Annotated for Scientists, Engineers, and Creators of All Kinds, edited by David H. Guston, Ed Finn, and Jason Scott Robert, MIT Press, 277 pp.; and Mary Shelley, The New Annotated Frankenstein, edited and with a foreword and notes by Leslie S. Klinger, Liveright, 352 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXIV, no. 20 (21 December 2017), pp. 38, 40–41. Editions 1818 text Shelley, Mary Frankenstein: 1818 text (Oxford University Press, 2009). Edited with an introduction and notes by Marilyn Butler. Shelley, Mary Frankenstein: The 1818 Text (Penguin Books, 2018). Edited with an introduction by Charlotte Gordon. 1831 text Fairclough, Peter (ed.) Three Gothic Novels: Walpole / Castle of Otranto, Beckford / Vathek, Mary Shelley / Frankenstein (Penguin English Library, 1968). With an introductory essay by Mario Praz. Shelley, Mary Frankenstein (Oxford University Press, 2008). Edited with an introduction and notes by M. K. Joseph. Differences between 1818 and 1831 text Shelley made several alterations in the 1831 edition including: The epigraph from Milton's Paradise Lost found in the 1818 original has been removed. Chapter one is expanded and split into two chapters. Elizabeth's origin is changed from Victor's cousin to being an orphan. Victor is portrayed more sympathetically in the original text. In the 1831 edition however, Shelley is critical of his decisions and actions. Shelley removed many references to scientific ideas which were popular around the time she wrote the 1818 edition of the book. Characters in the 1831 version have some dialogue removed entirely while others receive new dialogue. External links Frankenstein at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Frankenstein at Standard Ebooks Frankenstein 1831 edition at Project Gutenberg Frankenstein 1818 edition at Project Gutenberg Frankenstein public domain audiobook at LibriVox Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley Chronology and Resource Site Archived 10 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine "On Frankenstein", review by Percy Bysshe Shelley Volume one Archived 10 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine and Volume two Archived 30 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine of Shelley's notebooks with her handwritten draft of Frankenstein vte Mary Shelley's Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus Characters Frankenstein's monsterVictor FrankensteinDoctor WaldmanElizabeth Lavenza Films Universal series Frankenstein (1931)Bride of Frankenstein (1935)Son of Frankenstein (1939)The Ghost of Frankenstein (1942)Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943)House of Frankenstein (1944)House of Dracula (1945)Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948) Characters IgorDoctor Septimus PretoriusWolf FrankensteinBride of FrankensteinLudwig Frankenstein Hammer series The Curse of Frankenstein (1957)The Revenge of Frankenstein (1958)The Evil of Frankenstein (1964)Frankenstein Created Woman (1967)Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed (1969)The Horror of Frankenstein (1970)Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell (1974) Toho series Frankenstein vs. Baragon (1965)The War of the Gargantuas (1966) Parodies Mad Monster Party? (1967)Mad Mad Mad Monsters (1972)Young Frankenstein (1974)Frankenstein all'italiana (1975)Frankenweenie (1984)Transylvania 6-5000 (1985)The Monster Squad (1987)Frankenhooker (1990)Monster Mash (1995)Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein (1999)Monster Mash (2000)Frankenström (2001)Frankenthumb (2002)Igor (2008)The Bride of Gingy (2010)Frankenweenie (2012)Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy (2014)Monster Family (2017)Lisa Frankenstein (2024) The Munsters Munster, Go Home! (1966)The Munsters' Revenge (1981)Here Come the Munsters (1995)The Munsters' Scary Little Christmas (1996)The Munsters (2022) Hotel Transylvania Hotel Transylvania (2012)Hotel Transylvania 2 (2015)Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation (2018)Hotel Transylvania: Transformania (2022) Others Frankenstein (1910)Life Without Soul (1915)Il mostro di Frankenstein (1921)I Was a Teenage Frankenstein (1957)Frankenstein 1970 (1958)Frankenstein's Daughter (1958)Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster (1965)Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter (1966)Los Monstruos del Terror (1970)Lady Frankenstein (1971)Dracula vs. Frankenstein (1971)Frankenstein '80 (1972)Flesh for Frankenstein (1973)Blackenstein (1973)Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks (1974)Frankenstein Legend of Terror (1981)Frankenstein Island (1981)The Bride (1985)Frankenstein Unbound (1990)Frankenstein (1992)Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1994)Van Helsing (2004)Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove (2005)Vampire Girl vs. Frankenstein Girl (2009)House of the Wolf Man (2009)Frankenstein: Day of the Beast (2011)Frankenstein's Army (2013)The Frankenstein Theory (2013)I, Frankenstein (2014)Army of Frankensteins (2014)Frankenstein vs. The Mummy (2015)Frankenstein (2015)Victor Frankenstein (2015)The Great Yokai War: Guardians (2021)The Bride! (2025)Frankenstein (TBA) Television Tales of Frankenstein (1958)The Munsters (1964–1966)Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles (1966–1968)Groovie Goolies (1970-1971)Frankenstein (1973)Frankenstein: The True Story (1973)Monster Squad (1976)Struck by Lightning (1979)The Munsters Today (1988-1991)Monster Force (1994)House of Frankenstein (1997)Frankenstein (2004 TV film)Frankenstein (2004 miniseries)Frankenstein (2007)Mary Shelley's Frankenhole (2010)Once Upon a Time "The Doctor" (2012)"In the Name of the Brother" (2013)Penny Dreadful (2014–2016)Frankenstein, MD (2014)The Frankenstein Chronicles (2015–2017)Second Chance (2016)Hotel Transylvania: The Series (2017–2020)Code:Realize − Guardian of Rebirth (2017) Stage Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein (1823)Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim (1887)Frankenstein (1927)Fortitude (1968)Joined At The Heart (2007)Frankenstein – A New Musical (2007)Young Frankenstein (2007)Frankenstein (2011 play)Frankenstein's Wedding (2011 play) Novels Frankenstein's Aunt (1978)Gothic Romance (1984)Frankenstein's Aunt Returns (1989)Frankenstein's Cat (2001)Dean Koontz's Frankenstein Prodigal Son (2005)City of Night (2005)Dead and Alive (2009)Lost Souls (2010)The Dead Town (2011)Frankenstein in Baghdad (2013) Comics Bernie Wrightson's FrankensteinFrankenstein (DC Comics)Frankenstein (Dell Comics)Doc FrankensteinEmbalmingFrankenstein's Monster (Marvel Comics)Frankenstein (Prize Comics)Young Frankenstein Video games Frankenstein's MonsterFrankensteinFrankenstein: The Monster ReturnsDr. FrankenMary Shelley's FrankensteinFrankenstein: Through the Eyes of the MonsterVan HelsingCode: Realize Related Universal Classic MonstersFrankenstein in popular cultureFrankenstein CastleFrankenstein DayFrankenstein's Promethean dimensionJohann Konrad DippelFranken-FMs (radio stations)Frankenstein complexFrankenstrat (guitar)"Frankenstein" (1973 single)"Dr. Stein" (1988 single)Frankenstein (Death Race) vte Mary Shelley Works History of a Six Weeks' TourFrankenstein; or, The Modern PrometheusMathildaProserpineMidasValperga"Maurice"The Last ManThe Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck"The Mortal Immortal"LodoreFalknerRambles in Germany and ItalyLives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men Family Percy Bysshe Shelley (husband)Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet (son)Mary Wollstonecraft (mother)William Godwin (father)Fanny Imlay (half-sister)Claire Clairmont (stepsister) Portrayals Bloody Poetry (1984 play)Gothic (1986 film)Rowing with the Wind (1988 film)Haunted Summer (1988 film)Mary Shelley (2017 film)"The Haunting of Villa Diodati" (2020 TV episode) Related Mounseer NongtongpawFrankenstein in popular cultureLord ByronJohn William PolidoriThomas Jefferson HoggVilla DiodatiFrankenstein Day Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata International VIAF National SpainFranceBnF dataGermanyIsraelUnited StatesCzech RepublicAustraliaCroatia Other MusicBrainz workIdRef Categories: FrankensteinFrankenstein novels1810s science fiction novels1818 British novelsBritish Gothic novelsBritish horror novelsBritish novels adapted into filmsBritish novels adapted into playsBritish science fiction novelsCensored booksEpistolary novelsFrame storiesNovels about revengeNovels adapted into comicsNovels adapted into radio programsBritish novels adapted into television showsNovels adapted into video gamesNovels by Mary ShelleyNovels set in GermanyBavaria in fictionNovels set in ScotlandNovels set in SwitzerlandNovels set in the ArcticRomantic novelsScience fiction horror novelsWorks published anonymouslyNovels set in the 18th century1818 debut novelsVegetarianism in fictionNovels adapted into ballets Dracula novel by Stoker Written by Fact-checked by Last Updated: May 9, 2024 • Article History On the Web: Nature - The vampirisation of the novel: narrative crises in Dracula (May 09, 2024) Dracula, Gothic novel by Bram Stoker, published in 1897, that was the most popular literary work derived from vampire legends and became the basis for an entire genre of literature and film. What you’ll find out about Dracula What strange things happen when Jonathan meets Count Dracula in Transylvania? How does Lucy become a vampire, and what do her friends do to stop her? What shocking thing do the vampire hunters discover about Mina, and how does it affect their mission? Who is Count Dracula based on? How does Dracula explore the clash between traditional and modern values? How has Dracula contributed to the vampire trope in Western popular culture? These AI-generated questions have been reviewed by Britannica’s editors. Summary Dracula tells its story through journal entries, diaries, letters, and telegrams written by the novel’s main characters. In form it is, fundamentally, an epistolary novel, though the presence of telegrams and a “phonograph diary” shows the manner in which Stoker was incorporating communications technologies of his time. A child wearing a sheet for a Halloween ghost costume. Holiday Trick-or-treat Britannica Quiz Monsters, Ghouls, and Ghosts Quiz Jonathan Harker goes to Transylvania Dracula begins with Jonathan Harker, a young English lawyer, as he travels to Transylvania. Harker plans to meet with Count Dracula, a client of his firm, in order to finalize a property transaction. When he arrives in Transylvania, the locals react with terror after he discloses his destination: Castle Dracula. Though this unsettles him slightly, he continues onward. The ominous howling of wolves rings through the air as he arrives at the castle. When Harker meets Dracula, he acknowledges that the man is pale, gaunt, and strange. Harker becomes further concerned when, after Harker cuts himself while shaving, Dracula lunges at his throat. Soon after, Harker is seduced by three female vampires, from whom he barely escapes. He then learns Dracula’s secret—that he is a vampire and survives by drinking human blood. Harker correctly assumes that he is to be the count’s next victim. He attacks the count, but his efforts are unsuccessful. Dracula leaves Harker trapped in the castle and then, along with 50 boxes of dirt, departs for England. Lucy Westernra’s fate Meanwhile, in England, Harker’s fiancée Mina is visiting a friend named Lucy Westenra, who has recently gotten engaged after declining a number of suitors. One night Mina must search for Lucy, as she has fallen back into her old habit of sleepwalking. When Mina finds her outside near a graveyard, there appears to be a shape hovering over her for a split second. Mina notices two small red marks on Lucy’s neck and assumes that she must have inadvertently pricked Lucy with a pin. Over the following days, Lucy falls ill and is at times seen through a window next to a bat. Mina is worried, but she is called away once she receives correspondence from Jonathan. Lucy goes into the care of Dr. Seward and Dr. Van Helsing, who, after a number of failed blood transfusions, decide further action is needed. They then drape Lucy and her room with garlic—a strategy used to ward off vampires. Lucy, however, soon dies. Special 67% offer for students! Finish the semester strong with Britannica. After her death, many report the appearance of a creature who is attacking children in the area. When Jonathan (who was able to escape Count Dracula’s castle) and Mina return to England, now as a married couple, Jonathan’s accounts of Dracula lead Van Helsing to believe that Lucy contracted vampirism from the count and is the one tormenting the children. In order to prevent her from further killing, they unearth her corpse, stake her through the heart, cut off her head, and stuff her mouth with garlic. The vampire hunters Now that Lucy has been taken care of, the group decides to track down Count Dracula and the 50 boxes of dirt he brought with him. According to lore, Dracula needs the dirt of his home country to remain healthy. The group attempts to destroy the boxes so that Dracula has no means of regeneration. One night, amid feelings of uneasiness toward Mina’s recent behaviour, Van Helsing and Seward break into her room to find Jonathan unconscious and Mina drinking blood from a gash in Dracula’s chest. The vampire disappears and returns to Transylvania only to be followed by the determined group. They find him buried in the final box of dirt and promptly cut off his head and stab him through his heart. Dracula crumbles into dust. The vampire hunters also lose one of their own, Quincey Morris, during the expedition. Analysis The vibrancy and complexity of Stoker’s Dracula has provoked a vast range of interpretations and analysis by scholars and critics. Count Dracula and Vlad the Impaler A popular theory among critics is that the character Count Dracula is based on the infamously barbaric Vlad III, better known as Vlad the Impaler. Vlad was born in Transylvania in the 15th century and was known popularly as Drăculea, meaning “Son of Dracul” (his father was surnamed Dracul after being appointed to a knightly order called the Order of the Dragon). This name was derived from the Latin draco, meaning “dragon,” the basis for the elder Vlad’s epithet. In modern Romanian, drac has evolved to mean “devil.” Stoker is thought to have picked the name Dracula after reading a book that revealed to him this modern translation. His notes include the annotation “in Wallachian language means DEVIL,” written in response to drac. The name, however, is not all Dracula and Vlad III have in common. Vlad impaled his enemies on stakes to consolidate his political power in Walachia. One account also claimed that while his victims were dying atop the stakes, Vlad would dip bread in their blood and eat it in front of them, but that account is unconfirmed. Whether Vlad truly consumed blood, the parallels with Stoker’s Dracula remain evident. Some critics, however, have argued that Stoker’s inspiration came primarily from other sources and that Vlad simply provided the name. Immigration, sexual desire, and gender Dracula has been interpreted as an expression of anxiety about eastern Europeans invading western Europe, as represented by a Transylvanian who arrives in London and terrorizes its residents. Others see Stoker’s novel as an exploration of suppressed sexual desire and a reaction to the patriarchal and conservative norms broadly prevalent in Britain during the Victorian period. Notably, it inverts the era’s stereotypical gender roles through the highly sexualized actions of the female vampires. Yet Dracula can also be seen as the evil of temptation personified as he preys on women who must then be protected by the men around them (though those men still fail, particularly in Lucy’s case). The novel’s complexity, especially in its representation of gender, allows numerous, sometimes contradictory, interpretations. The problem of modernity While vampirism is clearly at the forefront of Stoker’s novel, be it literal, metaphorical, or just for the Gothic scare, Dracula is also preoccupied with modernity. Some critics argue that the novel is about the relationship between the past and the future, with Count Dracula perhaps representing the primitive nature of the past as it permeates the present and challenges modernization. For example, Dracula drains Lucy’s blood, and the newly resurfaced technology of blood infusion fails her. She dies by the hand of the past, despite the use of modern medical technology. Stoker might be acknowledging contemporary suspicions about the effectiveness of new technology. As Jonathan writes in reference to Dracula, “the old centuries had, and have, powers of their own which mere ‘modernity’ cannot kill.” Dracula’s legacy Max Schreck in Nosferatu Max Schreck as the vampire in Nosferatu (1922), directed by F.W. Murnau. Stoker’s Dracula was instrumental in the creation of the vampire trope that has permeated Western popular culture in the forms of novel and film alike. Dracula was well received when it was published, but its success is even better measured by the number of adaptations it inspired. These adaptations began in 1922, when the novel was plagiarized in the silent motion picture Nosferatu, in which the director F.W. Murnau took Stoker’s story, tweaked it, and put the results on the big screen. Stoker’s estate won a lawsuit against the production company responsible for the movie, but the movie had made its way to the United States, where Dracula was already in the public domain. Duplicates were created, and thus Nosferatu survived. Since then vampires of the same kind have appeared across popular culture. Some of them have been modernized, as in Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight Saga. Others have maintained the integrity of Stoker’s original Count Dracula, as in Stephen King’s Salem’s Lot (1975), a novel King claimed had been inspired by Stoker. Even the American children’s television show Sesame Street developed a character, Count von Count, modeled on Dracula; instead of drinking blood, this vampire counted everything around him (and helped his audience learn simple mathematics). Top 100 Horror Films of All Time by bampbell2001 • Created 5 years ago • Modified 5 years ago Your official Scariest Things guide to our favorite horror movies! The Scariest Things crew assembled a committee of 30 horror movie experts from all over the industry with some of the biggest horror fans we know, to assemble a comprehensive list of films to serve as a gateway guide for people looking for a good path into the horror genre, or to uncover a hidden gem that you may not have been aware of. We tasked the jury with naming their top 25 horror films and weighted the scoring so that the #1 selection was worth 25 points, the #2 film 24 points, until we get to the final selection which was worth 1 point. We left the voting criteria open to each juror, and one of the cool things here is that every juror had a different take on their favorites. You may find that if you don’t agree with one juror’s take, you’ll find one that matches your taste in horror… from the comedic horror, to grindhouse, to J-Horror, to vintage matinee fare. We had an absolute blast putting this list together, debating what belongs and what we wish we could have included. There were a total of 326 films that received votes for inclusion on this list, so there are 225 films that unfortunately fell short. (Note… there is a 4-way tie for 98th place so we actually have 101 films in the top 100… it’s the new math!) Remember, every voter’s list has been posted so you can find those films by reading the top 25 lists. Check out the full list and listen to the Scariest Things Podcast at: www.scariesthings.com. Also available on iTunes, Stitcher, Google Play, Soundcloud, and Blubrry. We unveiled 10 films per week, and then announced them on the Podcast, Any guesses? Here we go! LIST ACTIVITY 235K views 1.7K this week 101 titles Sort by Alien (1979) 1. Alien 1979 1h 57m X 8.5 (955K) 89 Metascore The crew of a commercial spacecraft encounters a deadly lifeform after investigating a mysterious transmission of unknown origin. DirectorRidley ScottStarsSigourney WeaverTom SkerrittJohn Hurt The Shining (1980) 2. The Shining 1980 2h 26m X 8.4 (1.1M) 68 Metascore A family heads to an isolated hotel for the winter where a sinister presence influences the father into violence, while his psychic son sees horrific forebodings from both past and future. DirectorStanley KubrickStarsJack NicholsonShelley DuvallDanny Lloyd The Thing (1982) 3. The Thing 1982 1h 49m X 8.2 (469K) 57 Metascore A research team in Antarctica is hunted by a shape-shifting alien that assumes the appearance of its victims. DirectorJohn CarpenterStarsKurt RussellWilford BrimleyKeith David Max von Sydow in The Exorcist (1973) 4. The Exorcist 1973 2h 2m X 8.1 (457K) 83 Metascore When a young girl is possessed by a mysterious entity, her mother seeks the help of two Catholic priests to save her life. DirectorWilliam FriedkinStarsEllen BurstynMax von SydowLinda Blair Halloween (1978) 5. Halloween 1978 1h 31m X 7.7 (308K) 90 Metascore Fifteen years after murdering his sister on Halloween night 1963, Michael Myers escapes from a mental hospital and returns to the small town of Haddonfield, Illinois to kill again. DirectorJohn CarpenterStarsDonald PleasenceJamie Lee CurtisTony Moran Griffin Dunne and David Naughton in An American Werewolf in London (1981) 6. An American Werewolf in London 1981 1h 37m X 7.5 (121K) 55 Metascore Two American college students on a walking tour of Britain are attacked by a werewolf that none of the locals will admit exists. DirectorJohn LandisStarsDavid NaughtonJenny AgutterJoe Belcher Susan Backlinie and Bruce in Jaws (1975) 7. Jaws 1975 2h 4m PG 8.1 (663K) 87 Metascore When a killer shark unleashes chaos on a beach community off Cape Cod, it's up to a local sheriff, a marine biologist, and an old seafarer to hunt the beast down. DirectorSteven SpielbergStarsRoy ScheiderRobert ShawRichard Dreyfuss The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974) 8. The Texas Chain Saw Massacre 1974 1h 23m 18 7.4 (185K) 90 Metascore Five friends head out to rural Texas to visit the grave of a grandfather. On the way they stumble across what appears to be a deserted house, only to discover something sinister within. Something armed with a chainsaw. DirectorTobe HooperStarsMarilyn BurnsEdwin NealAllen Danziger Mia Farrow in Rosemary's Baby (1968) 9. Rosemary's Baby 1968 2h 17m 18 8.0 (236K) 96 Metascore A young couple trying for a baby moves into an aging, ornate apartment building on Central Park West, where they find themselves surrounded by peculiar neighbors. DirectorRoman PolanskiStarsMia FarrowJohn CassavetesRuth Gordon Heather Donahue in The Blair Witch Project (1999) 10. The Blair Witch Project 1999 1h 21m 15 6.5 (287K) 80 Metascore Three film students vanish after traveling into a Maryland forest to film a documentary on the local Blair Witch legend, leaving only their footage behind. DirectorDaniel MyrickEduardo SánchezStarsHeather DonahueMichael C. WilliamsJoshua Leonard John Paul in Dawn of the Dead (1978) 11. Dawn of the Dead 1978 2h 7m X 7.8 (129K) 71 Metascore During an escalating zombie epidemic, two Philadelphia SWAT team members, a traffic reporter and his TV executive girlfriend seek refuge in a secluded shopping mall. DirectorGeorge A. RomeroStarsDavid EmgeKen ForeeScott H. Reiniger Jodie Foster in The Silence of the Lambs (1991) 12. The Silence of the Lambs 1991 1h 58m 18 8.6 (1.6M) 86 Metascore A young F.B.I. cadet must receive the help of an incarcerated and manipulative cannibal killer to help catch another serial killer, a madman who skins his victims. DirectorJonathan DemmeStarsJodie FosterAnthony HopkinsScott Glenn Suspiria (1977) 13. Suspiria 1977 1h 39m X 7.3 (106K) 79 Metascore An American newcomer to a prestigious German ballet academy comes to realize that the school is a front for something sinister amid a series of grisly murders. DirectorDario ArgentoStarsJessica HarperStefania CasiniFlavio Bucci Heather Langenkamp in A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984) 14. A Nightmare on Elm Street 1984 1h 31m 18 7.4 (264K) 76 Metascore Teenager Nancy Thompson must uncover the dark truth concealed by her parents after she and her friends become targets of the spirit of a serial killer with a bladed glove in their dreams, in which if they die, it kills them in real life. DirectorWes CravenStarsHeather LangenkampJohnny DeppRobert Englund Daniel Kaluuya in Get Out (2017) 15. Get Out 2017 1h 44m 15 7.8 (702K) 85 Metascore A young African-American visits his white girlfriend's parents for the weekend, where his simmering uneasiness about their reception of him eventually reaches a boiling point. DirectorJordan PeeleStarsDaniel KaluuyaAllison WilliamsBradley Whitford Heather O'Rourke in Poltergeist (1982) 16. Poltergeist 1982 1h 54m 15 7.3 (180K) 79 Metascore A family's home is haunted by a host of demonic ghosts. DirectorTobe HooperStarsJoBeth WilliamsHeather O'RourkeCraig T. Nelson Anthony Perkins, John Gavin, Janet Leigh, and Heather Dawn May in Psycho (1960) 17. Psycho 1960 1h 49m 15 8.5 (721K) 97 Metascore A Phoenix secretary embezzles $40,000 from her employer's client, goes on the run and checks into a remote motel run by a young man under the domination of his mother. DirectorAlfred HitchcockStarsAnthony PerkinsJanet LeighVera Miles Eihi Shiina in Audition (1999) 18. Audition 1999 1h 55m 18 7.1 (90K) 70 Metascore A widower takes an offer to screen girls at a special audition, arranged for him by a friend to find him a new wife. The one he fancies is not who she appears to be after all. DirectorTakashi MiikeStarsRyo IshibashiEihi ShiinaTetsu Sawaki The Cabin in the Woods (2011) 19. The Cabin in the Woods 2011 1h 35m 15 7.0 (453K) 72 Metascore Five college friends head out to a remote cabin for a getaway, but things don't go as planned when they start getting killed. They soon discover that there is more to the cabin than it seems. DirectorDrew GoddardStarsKristen ConnollyChris HemsworthAnna Hutchison Evil Dead II (1987) 20. Evil Dead II 1987 1h 24m 18 7.7 (183K) 72 Metascore Ash Williams, the lone survivor of an earlier onslaught of flesh-possessing spirits, holes up in a cabin with a group of strangers while the demons continue their attack. DirectorSam RaimiStarsBruce CampbellSarah BerryDan Hicks The Ring (2002) 21. The Ring 2002 1h 55m 15 7.1 (376K) 57 Metascore A journalist must investigate a mysterious videotape which seems to cause the death of anyone one week to the day after they view it. DirectorGore VerbinskiStarsNaomi WattsMartin HendersonBrian Cox The Exorcist III (1990) 22. The Exorcist III 1990 1h 50m 18 6.5 (39K) 48 Metascore A police lieutenant uncovers more than he bargained for as his investigation of a series of murders, which have all the hallmarks of the deceased Gemini serial killer, leads him to question the patients of a psychiatric ward. DirectorWilliam Peter BlattyStarsGeorge C. ScottEd FlandersBrad Dourif The Fly (1986) 23. The Fly 1986 1h 36m 18 7.6 (203K) 81 Metascore A brilliant but eccentric scientist begins to transform into a giant man/fly hybrid after one of his experiments goes horribly wrong. DirectorDavid CronenbergStarsJeff GoldblumGeena DavisJohn Getz Cillian Murphy in 28 Days Later (2002) 24. 28 Days Later 2002 1h 53m 18 7.5 (449K) 73 Metascore Four weeks after a mysterious, incurable virus spreads throughout the UK, a handful of survivors try to find sanctuary. DirectorDanny BoyleStarsCillian MurphyNaomie HarrisChristopher Eccleston Toni Collette and Milly Shapiro in Hereditary (2018) 25. Hereditary 2018 2h 7m 15 7.3 (382K) 87 Metascore A grieving family is haunted by tragic and disturbing occurrences. DirectorAri AsterStarsToni ColletteMilly ShapiroGabriel Byrne Troian Bellisario in Martyrs (2015) 26. Martyrs 2015 1h 26m 18 4.0 (6.9K) 22 Metascore A woman and her childhood friend seek out revenge on those who victimized and abused them. DirectorKevin GoetzMichael GoetzStarsTroian BellisarioBailey NobleKate Burton Sam Neill in In the Mouth of Madness (1994) 27. In the Mouth of Madness 1994 1h 35m 18 7.1 (80K) 53 Metascore An insurance investigator begins discovering that the impact a horror writer's books have on his fans is more than inspirational. DirectorJohn CarpenterStarsSam NeillJürgen ProchnowJulie Carmen Donald Sutherland and Veronica Cartwright in Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978) 28. Invasion of the Body Snatchers 1978 1h 55m X 7.4 (70K) 75 Metascore When strange seeds drift to earth from space, mysterious pods begin to grow and invade San Francisco, replicating the city's residents one body at a time. DirectorPhilip KaufmanStarsDonald SutherlandBrooke AdamsJeff Goldblum Katie Featherston and Micah Sloat in Paranormal Activity (2007) 29. Paranormal Activity 2007 1h 26m 15 6.3 (257K) 68 Metascore After moving into a suburban home, a couple becomes increasingly disturbed by a nightly demonic presence. DirectorOren PeliStarsKatie FeatherstonMicah SloatMark Fredrichs Jake Weary and Maika Monroe in It Follows (2014) 30. It Follows 2014 1h 40m 15 6.8 (270K) 83 Metascore A young woman is followed by an unknown supernatural force after a sexual encounter. DirectorDavid Robert MitchellStarsMaika MonroeKeir GilchristOlivia Luccardi Dana Andrews and Peggy Cummins in Night of the Demon (1957) 31. Night of the Demon 1957 1h 36m PG 7.4 (16K) American professor John Holden arrives in London for a parapsychology conference, only to find himself investigating the mysterious actions of Devil-worshipper Julian Karswell. DirectorJacques TourneurStarsDana AndrewsPeggy CumminsNiall MacGinnis Marilyn Eastman, Duane Jones, and Judith Ridley in Night of the Living Dead (1968) 32. Night of the Living Dead 1968 1h 36m 15 7.8 (140K) 89 Metascore A ragtag group of Pennsylvanians barricade themselves in an old farmhouse to remain safe from a horde of flesh-eating ghouls that are ravaging the Northeast of the United States. DirectorGeorge A. RomeroStarsDuane JonesJudith O'DeaKarl Hardman The Witch (2015) 33. The Witch 2015 1h 32m 15 7.0 (303K) 84 Metascore A family in 1630s New England is torn apart by the forces of witchcraft, black magic and possession. DirectorRobert EggersStarsAnya Taylor-JoyRalph InesonKate Dickie Let the Right One In (2008) 34. Let the Right One In 2008 1h 54m 15 7.8 (227K) 82 Metascore Oskar, an overlooked and bullied boy, finds love and revenge through Eli, a beautiful but peculiar girl. DirectorTomas AlfredsonStarsKåre HedebrantLina LeanderssonPer Ragnar Kate Ashfield, Nick Frost, and Simon Pegg in Shaun of the Dead (2004) 35. Shaun of the Dead 2004 1h 39m 15 7.9 (596K) 76 Metascore The uneventful, aimless lives of a London electronics salesman and his layabout roommate are disrupted by the zombie apocalypse. DirectorEdgar WrightStarsSimon PeggNick FrostKate Ashfield Isabella Rossellini and Kyle MacLachlan in Blue Velvet (1986) 36. Blue Velvet 1986 2h 18 7.7 (217K) 75 Metascore The discovery of a severed human ear found in a field leads a young man on an investigation related to a beautiful, mysterious nightclub singer and a group of psychopathic criminals who have kidnapped her child. DirectorDavid LynchStarsIsabella RosselliniKyle MacLachlanDennis Hopper Brad Greenquist in Pet Sematary (1989) 37. Pet Sematary 1989 1h 43m 18 6.5 (115K) 38 Metascore After tragedy strikes, a grieving father discovers an ancient burial ground behind his home with the power to raise the dead. DirectorMary LambertStarsDale MidkiffDenise CrosbyFred Gwynne Essie Davis and Noah Wiseman in The Babadook (2014) 38. The Babadook 2014 1h 34m 15 6.8 (248K) 86 Metascore A single mother and her child fall into a deep well of paranoia when an eerie children's book titled "Mister Babadook" manifests in their home. DirectorJennifer KentStarsEssie DavisNoah WisemanDaniel Henshall Jami Gertz, Corey Haim, Jason Patric, Kiefer Sutherland, Brooke McCarter, Alex Winter, and Billy Wirth in The Lost Boys (1987) 39. The Lost Boys 1987 1h 37m 15 7.2 (162K) 63 Metascore After moving to a new town, two brothers discover that the area is a haven for vampires. DirectorJoel SchumacherStarsJason PatricCorey HaimDianne Wiest Gregory Peck, Lee Remick, and Harvey Stephens in The Omen (1976) 40. The Omen 1976 1h 51m X 7.5 (134K) 62 Metascore Mysterious deaths surround an American ambassador. Could the child that he is raising actually be the Antichrist? The Devil's own son? DirectorRichard DonnerStarsGregory PeckLee RemickHarvey Stephens Doug Bradley in Hellraiser (1987) 41. Hellraiser 1987 1h 34m 18 6.9 (141K) 56 Metascore A woman discovers the newly resurrected, partially formed, body of her brother-in-law and lover. She starts killing for him to revitalize his body and escape the demonic beings that are pursuing him after he escaped their underworld. DirectorClive BarkerStarsAndrew RobinsonClare HigginsAshley Laurence James Brolin, Rod Steiger, and Margot Kidder in The Amityville Horror (1979) 42. The Amityville Horror 1979 1h 57m X 6.2 (45K) 28 Metascore Newlyweds and their three children move into a large house where a mass murder was committed. They start to experience strange, inexplicable manifestations which have strong effects on everyone living in or visiting the house. DirectorStuart RosenbergStarsJames BrolinMargot KidderRod Steiger Lane Hughes in You're Next (2011) 43. You're Next 2011 1h 35m 18 6.6 (110K) 66 Metascore When the Davison family comes under attack during their wedding anniversary getaway, the gang of mysterious killers soon learns that one of the victims harbors a secret talent for fighting back. DirectorAdam WingardStarsSharni VinsonJoe SwanbergAJ Bowen Drew Barrymore in Scream (1996) 44. Scream 1996 1h 51m 18 7.4 (390K) 66 Metascore A year after the murder of her mother, a teenage girl is terrorized by a masked killer who targets her and her friends by using scary movies as part of a deadly game. DirectorWes CravenStarsNeve CampbellCourteney CoxDavid Arquette Emily Blunt in A Quiet Place (2018) 45. A Quiet Place 2018 1h 30m 15 7.5 (587K) 82 Metascore A family struggles for survival in a world where most humans have been killed by blind but noise-sensitive creatures. They are forced to communicate in sign language to keep the creatures at bay. DirectorJohn KrasinskiStarsEmily BluntJohn KrasinskiMillicent Simmonds The Return of the Living Dead (1985) 46. The Return of the Living Dead 1985 1h 31m 18 7.3 (69K) 66 Metascore When two bumbling employees at a medical supply warehouse accidentally release a deadly gas into the air, the vapors cause the dead to rise again as zombies. DirectorDan O'BannonStarsClu GulagerJames KarenDon Calfa Ring (1998) 47. Ring 1998 1h 36m 15 7.2 (78K) A reporter and her ex-husband investigate a cursed video tape that is rumored to kill the viewer seven days after watching it. DirectorHideo NakataStarsNanako MatsushimaMiki NakataniYûko Takeuchi Akihiko Hirata, Momoko Kôchi, Takashi Shimura, and Akira Takarada in Godzilla (1954) 48. Godzilla 1954 1h 36m PG 7.5 (40K) 79 Metascore After a dinosaur-like beast - awoken from undersea hibernation by atom bomb testing - ravages Tokyo, a scientist must decide if his similarly dangerous weapon should be used to destroy it. DirectorIshirô HondaStarsTakashi ShimuraAkihiko HirataAkira Takarada Creature from the Black Lagoon 49. Creature from the Black Lagoon 1h 19m Olwen Catherine Kelly in The Autopsy of Jane Doe (2016) 50. The Autopsy of Jane Doe 2016 1h 26m 15 6.8 (141K) 65 Metascore A father and son, both coroners, are pulled into a complex mystery while attempting to identify the cause of death of a young woman who was apparently harboring dark secrets. DirectorAndré ØvredalStarsBrian CoxEmile HirschOphelia Lovibond Bridget Hoffman in The Evil Dead (1981) 51. The Evil Dead 1981 1h 25m 18 7.4 (233K) 71 Metascore Five friends travel to a cabin in the woods, where they unknowingly release flesh-possessing demons. DirectorSam RaimiStarsBruce CampbellEllen SandweissRichard DeManincor Julie Harris in The Haunting (1963) 52. The Haunting 1963 1h 52m X 7.4 (43K) 74 Metascore Hill House has stood for about 90 years and appears haunted: its inhabitants have always met strange, tragic ends. Now Dr. John Markway has assembled a team of people who he thinks will prove whether or not the house is haunted. DirectorRobert WiseStarsJulie HarrisClaire BloomRichard Johnson Session 9 (2001) 53. Session 9 2001 1h 40m 15 6.4 (63K) 58 Metascore Tensions rise within an asbestos cleaning crew as they work in an abandoned mental hospital with a horrific past that seems to be coming back. DirectorBrad AndersonStarsDavid CarusoStephen GevedonPaul Guilfoyle Embeth Davidtz and Bruce Campbell in Army of Darkness (1992) 54. Army of Darkness 1992 1h 21m 15 7.4 (195K) 59 Metascore When Ash Williams is accidentally transported to 1300 A.D., he must retrieve the Necronomicon and battle an army of the dead in order to return home. DirectorSam RaimiStarsBruce CampbellEmbeth DavidtzMarcus Gilbert [Rec] (2007) 55. [Rec] 2007 1h 18m 18 7.4 (198K) 71 Metascore A television reporter and cameraman follow emergency workers into a dark apartment building and are quickly locked inside with something terrifying. DirectorJaume BalagueróPaco PlazaStarsManuela VelascoFerran TerrazaJorge-Yamam Serrano Brad Pitt and Morgan Freeman in Seven (1995) 56. Seven 1995 2h 7m 18 8.6 (1.8M) 65 Metascore Two detectives, a rookie and a veteran, hunt a serial killer who uses the seven deadly sins as his motives. DirectorDavid FincherStarsMorgan FreemanBrad PittKevin Spacey Hostel (2005) 57. Hostel 2005 1h 34m 18 5.9 (192K) 55 Metascore Three backpackers head to a Slovak city that promises to meet their hedonistic expectations, with no idea of the hell that awaits them. DirectorEli RothStarsJay HernandezDerek RichardsonEythor Gudjonsson Re-Animator (1985) 58. Re-Animator 1985 1h 24m 18 7.2 (72K) 73 Metascore After an odd new medical student arrives on campus, a dedicated local and his girlfriend become involved in bizarre experiments centering around the re-animation of dead tissue. DirectorStuart GordonStarsJeffrey CombsBruce AbbottBarbara Crampton Sigourney Weaver and Carrie Henn in Aliens (1986) 59. Aliens 1986 2h 17m 18 8.4 (766K) 84 Metascore Decades after surviving the Nostromo incident, Ellen Ripley is sent out to re-establish contact with a terraforming colony but finds herself battling the Alien Queen and her offspring. DirectorJames CameronStarsSigourney WeaverMichael BiehnCarrie Henn Donald Sutherland and Julie Christie in Don't Look Now (1973) 60. Don't Look Now 1973 1h 50m X 7.1 (63K) 95 Metascore A married couple grieving the recent death of their young daughter are in Venice when they encounter two elderly sisters, one of whom is psychic and brings a warning from beyond. DirectorNicolas RoegStarsJulie ChristieDonald SutherlandHilary Mason Taika Waititi, Ben Fransham, Cori Gonzalez-Macuer, Jemaine Clement, Jonny Brugh, and Stu Rutherford in What We Do in the Shadows (2014) 61. What We Do in the Shadows 2014 1h 26m 15 7.6 (201K) 76 Metascore Viago, Deacon, and Vladislav are vampires who are struggling with the mundane aspects of modern life, like paying rent, keeping up with the chore wheel, trying to get into nightclubs, and overcoming flatmate conflicts. DirectorJemaine ClementTaika WaititiStarsJemaine ClementTaika WaititiCori Gonzalez-Macuer Black Christmas (1974) 62. Black Christmas 1974 1h 38m 18 7.1 (49K) 65 Metascore During their Christmas break, a group of sorority girls are stalked by a stranger. DirectorBob ClarkStarsOlivia HusseyKeir DulleaMargot Kidder The Wicker Man (1973) 63. The Wicker Man 1973 1h 28m X 7.5 (93K) 87 Metascore A puritan police sergeant arrives in a Scottish island village in search of a missing girl, who the pagan locals claim never existed. DirectorRobin HardyStarsEdward WoodwardChristopher LeeDiane Cilento Boris Karloff and Elsa Lanchester in Bride of Frankenstein (1935) 64. Bride of Frankenstein 1935 1h 15m PG 7.8 (53K) 95 Metascore Mary Shelley reveals the main characters of her novel survived: Baron Henry Frankenstein, goaded by an even madder scientist, builds his monster a mate. DirectorJames WhaleStarsBoris KarloffElsa LanchesterColin Clive Angus Scrimm in Phantasm (1979) 65. Phantasm 1979 1h 29m X 6.6 (41K) 72 Metascore A teenage boy and his friends face off against a mysterious grave robber, known only as the Tall Man, who employs a lethal arsenal of unearthly weapons. DirectorDon CoscarelliStarsA. Michael BaldwinBill ThornburyReggie Bannister The Fog (1980) 66. The Fog 1980 1h 29m AA 6.8 (83K) 55 Metascore An unearthly fog rolls into a small coastal town exactly 100 years after a ship mysteriously sank in its waters. DirectorJohn CarpenterStarsAdrienne BarbeauJamie Lee CurtisJanet Leigh Ju On: The Grudge (2002) 67. Ju On: The Grudge 2002 1h 32m 15 6.7 (48K) 48 Metascore A mysterious and vengeful spirit marks and pursues anybody who dares enter the house in which it resides. DirectorTakashi ShimizuStarsMegumi OkinaMisaki ItôMisa Uehara Nosferatu (1922) 68. Nosferatu 1922 1h 34m PG 7.9 (106K) Vampire Count Orlok expresses interest in a new residence and real estate agent Hutter's wife. DirectorF.W. MurnauStarsMax SchreckAlexander GranachGustav von Wangenheim Zach Galligan and Howie Mandel in Gremlins (1984) 69. Gremlins 1984 1h 46m 15 7.3 (249K) 70 Metascore A young man inadvertently breaks three important rules concerning his new pet and unleashes a horde of malevolently mischievous monsters on a small town. DirectorJoe DanteStarsZach GalliganPhoebe CatesHoyt Axton The Monster Squad (1987) 70. The Monster Squad 1987 1h 22m 15 6.9 (35K) 61 Metascore A group of young monster fanatics attempts to save their hometown from Count Dracula and his monsters. DirectorFred DekkerStarsAndre GowerRobby KigerStephen Macht Natalie Mendoza, Shauna Macdonald, Saskia Mulder, Alex Reid, Nora-Jane Noone, and MyAnna Buring in The Descent (2005) 71. The Descent 2005 1h 39m 18 7.2 (248K) 71 Metascore A caving expedition goes horribly wrong, as the explorers become trapped and ultimately pursued by a strange breed of predators. DirectorNeil MarshallStarsShauna MacdonaldNatalie MendozaAlex Reid Creepshow (1982) 72. Creepshow 1982 2h AA 6.8 (53K) 59 Metascore Five grisly tales from a kid's comic book about a murdered father rising from his grave, a bizarre meteor, a vengeful husband, a mysterious crate's occupant, and a plague of cockroaches. DirectorGeorge A. RomeroStarsHal HolbrookLeslie NielsenAdrienne Barbeau Kim Su-an, Gong Yoo, Jung Yu-mi, Ma Dong-seok, Sohee, and Choi Woo-sik in Train to Busan (2016) 73. Train to Busan 2016 1h 58m 15 7.6 (261K) 73 Metascore While a zombie virus breaks out in South Korea, passengers struggle to survive on the train from Seoul to Busan. DirectorYeon Sang-hoStarsGong YooJung Yu-miMa Dong-seok Goodnight Mommy (2014) 74. Goodnight Mommy 2014 1h 39m 15 6.7 (60K) 81 Metascore Twin boys move to a new house with their mother after she has face-changing cosmetic surgery, but under the bandages is someone the boys don't recognize. DirectorSeverin FialaVeronika FranzStarsLukas SchwarzElias SchwarzSusanne Wuest Teri Hatcher, Keith David, Dakota Fanning, Dawn French, Ian McShane, Jennifer Saunders, Christopher Murrie-Green, and Harry Selick in Coraline (2009) 75. Coraline 2009 1h 40m PG 7.7 (265K) 80 Metascore Wandering her rambling old house in her boring new town, an 11-year-old Coraline discovers a hidden door to a strangely idealized version of her life. In order to stay in the fantasy, she must make a frighteningly real sacrifice. DirectorHenry SelickStarsDakota FanningTeri HatcherJohn Hodgman Saw (2004) 76. Saw 2004 1h 43m 18 7.6 (469K) 46 Metascore Two strangers awaken in a room with no recollection of how they got there, and soon discover they're pawns in a deadly game perpetrated by a notorious serial killer. DirectorJames WanStarsCary ElwesLeigh WhannellDanny Glover The Birds (1963) 77. The Birds 1963 1h 59m X 7.6 (205K) 90 Metascore A wealthy San Francisco socialite pursues a potential boyfriend to a small Northern California town that slowly takes a turn for the bizarre when birds of all kinds suddenly begin to attack people. DirectorAlfred HitchcockStarsRod TaylorTippi HedrenJessica Tandy The Legend of Hell House (1973) 78. The Legend of Hell House 1973 1h 35m X 6.7 (14K) 56 Metascore A physicist, his wife and two mediums are hired to investigate the Belasco House, where 27 guests had inexplicably died in 1927, along with most of a team of paranormal investigators that was sent in the early 1950s. DirectorJohn HoughStarsRoddy McDowallGayle HunnicuttPamela Franklin Liv Tyler and Kip Weeks in The Strangers (2008) 79. The Strangers 2008 1h 26m 15 6.1 (145K) 47 Metascore A young couple staying in an isolated vacation home are terrorized by three unknown assailants. DirectorBryan BertinoStarsScott SpeedmanLiv TylerGemma Ward Kim Kap-su, Yum Jung-ah, Lim Soo-jung, and Moon Geun-young in A Tale of Two Sisters (2003) 80. A Tale of Two Sisters 2003 1h 54m 15 7.1 (69K) 65 Metascore After being institutionalized in a mental hospital, Su-mi reunites with her sister, Su-yeon, and they return to live at their country home. But strange events plague the house, leading to surprising revelations and a shocking conclusion. DirectorKim Jee-woonStarsLim Soo-jungYum Jung-ahKim Kap-su Neil Maskell in Kill List (2011) 81. Kill List 2011 1h 35m 18 6.4 (45K) 67 Metascore Nearly a year after a botched job, a hitman takes a new assignment with the promise of a big payoff for three killings. What starts off as an easy task soon unravels, sending the killer into the heart of darkness. DirectorBen WheatleyStarsNeil MaskellMyAnna BuringHarry Simpson Garance Marillier in Raw (2016) 82. Raw 2016 1h 39m 18 7.0 (90K) 81 Metascore A young woman, studying to be a vet, develops a craving for human flesh. DirectorJulia DucournauStarsGarance MarillierElla RumpfRabah Nait Oufella Gene Wilder, Marty Feldman, and Peter Boyle in Young Frankenstein (1974) 83. Young Frankenstein 1974 1h 46m PG 8.0 (169K) 83 Metascore An American grandson of the infamous scientist, struggling to prove that his grandfather was not as insane as people believe, is invited to Transylvania, where he discovers the process that reanimates a dead body. DirectorMel BrooksStarsGene WilderMadeline KahnMarty Feldman Prince of Darkness (1987) 84. Prince of Darkness 1987 1h 42m 18 6.7 (50K) 50 Metascore A group of graduate students and scientists uncover an ancient canister in an abandoned church, but when they open the container, they inadvertently unleash a strange liquid and an evil force on all humanity. DirectorJohn CarpenterStarsDonald PleasenceLisa BlountJameson Parker Woody Harrelson, Jesse Eisenberg, Abigail Breslin, and Emma Stone in Zombieland (2009) 85. Zombieland 2009 1h 28m 15 7.5 (624K) 73 Metascore A shy student trying to reach his family in Ohio, a gun-toting bruiser in search of the last Twinkie and a pair of sisters striving to get to an amusement park join forces in a trek across a zombie-filled America. DirectorRuben FleischerStarsJesse EisenbergEmma StoneWoody Harrelson Tony Todd in Candyman (1992) 86. Candyman 1992 1h 39m 18 6.7 (101K) 61 Metascore The Candyman, a murderous soul with a hook for a hand, is accidentally summoned to reality by a skeptic grad student researching the monster's myth. DirectorBernard RoseStarsVirginia MadsenXander BerkeleyTony Todd Bill Skarsgård and Jackson Robert Scott in It (2017) 87. It 2017 2h 15m 15 7.3 (610K) 69 Metascore In the summer of 1989, a group of bullied kids band together to destroy a shape-shifting monster, which disguises itself as a clown and preys on the children of Derry, their small Maine town. DirectorAndy MuschiettiStarsBill SkarsgårdJaeden MartellFinn Wolfhard Tadanobu Asano in Ichi the Killer (2001) 88. Ichi the Killer 2001 2h 7.0 (60K) 55 Metascore As sadomasochistic yakuza enforcer Kakihara searches for his missing boss he comes across Ichi, a repressed and psychotic killer who may be able to inflict levels of pain that Kakihara has only dreamed of achieving. DirectorTakashi MiikeStarsTadanobu AsanoNao ÔmoriShin'ya Tsukamoto Reggie Nalder in Salem's Lot (1979) 89. Salem's Lot 1979 2 eps PG 6.7 (28K) TV Mini Series A novelist and a young horror fan attempt to save a small New England town which has been invaded by vampires. StarsDavid SoulJames MasonLance Kerwin Suicide Club (2001) 90. Suicide Club 2001 1h 39m 18 6.5 (22K) A detective is trying to find the cause of a string of suicides. DirectorSion SonoStarsRyo IshibashiMasatoshi NagaseMai Hosho Fay Wray and King Kong in King Kong (1933) 91. King Kong 1933 1h 40m PG 7.9 (91K) 92 Metascore A film crew goes to a tropical island for a location shoot, where they capture a colossal ape who takes a shine to their blonde starlet, and bring him back to New York City. DirectorMerian C. CooperErnest B. SchoedsackStarsFay WrayRobert ArmstrongBruce Cabot Devon Sawa, Ali Larter, Seann William Scott, Kerr Smith, and Amanda Detmer in Final Destination (2000) 92. Final Destination 2000 1h 38m 15 6.7 (281K) 39 Metascore After getting a premonition about a plane crash on his school trip, Alex, a student saves a few of his classmates. However, their situation gets complicated when death starts chasing them. DirectorJames WongStarsDevon SawaAli LarterKerr Smith Event Horizon (1997) 93. Event Horizon 1997 1h 36m 18 6.6 (198K) 35 Metascore A rescue crew is tasked with investigating the mysterious reappearance of a spaceship that had been lost for seven years. DirectorPaul W.S. AndersonStarsLaurence FishburneSam NeillKathleen Quinlan Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives (1986) 94. Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives 1986 1h 26m 18 6.0 (51K) 30 Metascore Tommy Jarvis exhumes Jason Voorhees to cremate his corpse, but inadvertently brings him back to life instead. The newly revived killer seeks revenge, and Tommy may be the only one who can stop him. DirectorTom McLoughlinStarsThom MathewsJennifer CookeDavid Kagen Santa Sangre (1989) 95. Santa Sangre 1989 2h 3m 18 7.5 (23K) A former circus artist escapes from a mental hospital to rejoin his armless mother - the leader of a strange religious cult - and is forced to enact brutal murders in her name as he becomes "her arms". DirectorAlejandro JodorowskyStarsAxel JodorowskyBlanca GuerraGuy Stockwell Barbara Steele in Black Sunday (1960) 96. Black Sunday 1960 1h 27m Rejected 7.1 (18K) A vengeful witch and her fiendish servant return from the grave and begin a bloody campaign to possess the body of the witch's beautiful look-alike descendant. DirectorMario BavaStarsBarbara SteeleJohn RichardsonAndrea Checchi Race with the Devil (1975) 97. Race with the Devil 1975 1h 28m AA 6.6 (7.4K) 53 Metascore Two couples vacationing together in an R.V. from Texas to Colorado are terrorized after they witness a murder during a Satanic ritual. DirectorJack StarrettStarsPeter FondaWarren OatesLoretta Swit Kim Novak and Doug McClure in Satan's Triangle (1975) 98. Satan's Triangle 1975 1h 14m 5.9 (1.4K) TV Movie A US coast guard finds only a woman still alive aboard a shipwreck. She tells her rescuer what happened and soon, they find themselves trapped in a mysterious part of the ocean known as Satan's Triangle. DirectorSutton RoleyStarsKim NovakDoug McClureAlejandro Rey Encounters of the Spooky Kind (1980) 99. Encounters of the Spooky Kind 1980 1h 42m AA 7.0 (2.8K) A rickshaw driver's wife and his rich client are secret lovers, and they decide to get rid of him without being implicated, so they hire a powerful sorcerer to kill him, but the sorcerer's colleague intervenes to protect him. DirectorSammo Kam-Bo HungStarsSammo Kam-Bo HungFat ChungLung Chan The Changeling (1980) 100. The Changeling 1980 1h 47m X 7.1 (40K) 70 Metascore After experiencing tragic personal losses, a music professor rents a Seattle mansion, haunted by a slain boy. DirectorPeter MedakStarsGeorge C. ScottTrish Van DevereMelvyn Douglas The Exorcism of Emily Rose (2005) 101. The Exorcism of Emily Rose 2005 1h 59m 15 6.7 (140K) 46 Metascore A lawyer takes on a negligent homicide case involving a priest who performed an exorcism on a young girl. DirectorScott DerricksonStarsLaura LinneyTom WilkinsonShohreh Aghdashloo The 20 best horror villains of all time, ranked These unforgettable monsters, hellraisers, and dream slayers will have fans looking over their shoulders with a newfound fear of the dark. From Jigsaw Killer in "Saw" to Freddy Krueger from "A Nightmare on Elm Street," here are our favorite antiheroes in the horror film canon. By Steven Thrash Updated on October 19, 2023 07:24AM EDT Some horror villains are quite simply larger than life. Oftentimes, the very best of these sinister antagonists not only carry their own franchises but also tally hefty box office revenues for their respective movie studios. However, a perfect storm is often necessary for a single character to become immortalized in the annals of horror history. Some noteworthy examples of characters who've accomplished this feat and become undeniably memorable are Chucky, Leprechaun, and the Creeper. But for every icon of the macabre, there are a much larger number of diabolical dentists, serial-killing Santa Clauses, and sorority house murderers who don't quite rank as highly in the frightening food chain. In fact, it's been a while since a character came along and asserted themselves as the next count of the Carpathians or chainsaw-wielding slaughterer. Whoever steps up next has some big shoes to fill, because these are the crème de la crème when it comes to history-making evildoers. Now, enjoy EW's ranked list of the 20 best horror villains of all time. 01 of 20 20. Gill-man a.k.a. "The Creature," The Creature From the Black Lagoon (1954) Creature From The Black Lagoon - 1954 UNIVERSAL/KOBAL/REX/SHUTTERSTOCK The first entry on EW's list seems like a perfect foil for Aquaman: A violently powerful creature becomes enamored with the lovely Kay (Julie Adams) during a geological expedition. If the plot sounds a bit like King Kong (1933) set in a lagoon, that's only because it is. Actor Ben Chapman portrayed the iconic creature during the land sequences (and Ricou Browning took on the role for the film's underwater scenes), but he had a very different take on the horror villain. Chapman believed the Gill-man was the good guy simply protecting his home from invaders. The Creature From the Black Lagoon (1954) reveled in the spotlight as the only Universal Monster to reign in theaters during the 1950s, and the creature's first adventure was also released in 3-D. 02 of 20 19. Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931) 1931: American actor Fredric March (1897-1975) as Mr. Hyde standing in a park, in a still from director Rouben Mamoulian's film, 'Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde'. March received an Oscar for the dual title role. (Photo by Paramount Pictures/Getty Images) PARAMOUNT PICTURES/GETTY Are two heads really better than one? The gentle Dr. Jekyll (Fredric March) finds it's definitely not worth it when he succumbs to his own lofty ambitions and the sinister evil within him. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931) is an exceptional exploration into split personalities, and novelist Robert Louis Stevenson's character — who first appears in Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886) — has been adapted numerous times over the years. Paramount Pictures' 1931 classic was the 13th film adaptation of Stevenson's book, and its protagonist/antagonist stands out for a number of reasons. First, there's the ingenious in-camera movie magic director Rouben Mamoulian employed to capture the transformation from Jekyll to Hyde in just one shot. Second, March became the first actor to win the Oscar for Best Actor in a horror movie. 03 of 20 18. Leatherface, The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974) Gunnar Hansen in 'The Texas Chain Saw Massacre' Gunnar Hansen in 'The Texas Chain Saw Massacre'. EVERETT COLLECTION Leatherface (Gunnar Hansen) is one of the most gruesome-looking horror villains of all time because, as his name implies, he wears the skin of his victims' faces as a mask. Catching a glimpse of Leatherface in The Texas Chain Saw Massacre temporarily paralyzes his victims much the same way a glance from Medusa will turn someone into stone. Not that he needs such an advantage when he can just slice and dice with his handy chainsaw. While the film is anything but funny, director Tobe Hooper does provide a somewhat comical explanation for Leatherface's motivations when it comes to killing all those teenagers in the original movie. "It's a terrible day for Leatherface," Hooper explained. "He keeps wondering, 'Where the hell are all these kids coming from?'" 04 of 20 17. The Jigsaw Killer, the Saw franchise (2003–present) SAW, Tobin Bell, 2004. ph: Greg Gayne/©Lionsgate/courtesy Everett Collection EVERETT Fans, do not play a game with this man! John Kramer (Tobin Bell) is one of the most intelligent and ruthless horror villains in history. In the original Saw (2004), Kramer is trying to teach Dr. Gordon (Cary Elwes) a valuable life lesson when he restrains him and a photographer in a large bathroom with shackles. No spoilers here, but there's only one way out of Jigsaw's trap: a saw. The actor who plays Jigsaw had a more practical approach as to why he was so excited the first film worked out financially. "I had a car payment or two that I needed to make," Bell explained. 05 of 20 16. Lawrence "Larry" Talbot a.k.a. "The Wolf Man," The Wolf Man (1941) American actor Lon Chaney Jr. on the set of The Wolf Man, directed by George Waggner. (Photo by Sunset Boulevard/Corbis via Getty Images) SUNSET BOULEVARD/CORBIS/GETTY Larry Talbot (Lon Chaney Jr.) didn't ask for what happened to him, but he was bitten by a werewolf (Bela Lugosi) all the same. So, when the full moon grows bright, and the wolfsbane blooms, mild-mannered Talbot transforms into one of the Universal Monsters' most dangerous villains: the Wolf Man. Even the woman Talbot falls for, Gwen (Evelyn Ankers), isn't immune to the animal's evil charms, and the creature nearly chokes the life out of her in one scene. Sadly, Ankers didn't get along with Chaney, but their onscreen chemistry still comes across. Viewers who have never had the pleasure of seeing The Wolf Man will undoubtedly root for Gwen to somehow save Talbot from himself. However, it's hard to reason with a werewolf behind all of Jack Pierce's fantastic movie makeup. 06 of 20 15. The Phantom, The Phantom of the Opera (1925) 1925: Film star Lon Chaney (1883 - 1930) as Erik the 'Phantom', in a scene from 'Phantom of the Opera' directed by Rupert Julian for Universal. (Photo via John Kobal Foundation/Getty Images) JOHN KOBAL FOUNDATION/GETTY Can you hear it: the music of the night? The Phantom (Lon Chaney Sr.) haunts the Paris Opera House, and his wicked heart is set on possessing the young understudy, Christine Daaé (Mary Philbin), at any cost. The Phantom of the Opera (1925) is a benchmark for the ghastly horrors that accompany unrequited love, and Chaney's twisted character will go to absurd lengths to have his way. And when he doesn't get it, the Phantom drops a glass chandelier on the opera house's audience and crushes many of them to death! Chaney was a brilliant actor, and he was dubbed "a Man of a Thousand Faces." He garnered the moniker because of his unique and complex makeup which he himself designed and applied. Chaney's makeup kit still survives to this day, and it is preserved at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles. 07 of 20 14. Pinhead, the Hellraiser franchise (1987–2022) HELLRAISER, Doug Bradley, 1987 EVERETT COLLECTION Pinhead (Doug Bradley) has such sights to show anyone who dares to solve the Lament Configuration puzzle box, and he'll do more than torture his victims: He'll tear their souls apart! The leader of the Cenobites can only invade Earth if the box is opened, but his attacks are some of the goriest captured on film: Metal hooks linked to chains obey Pinhead's commands and rend the flesh from his victims! If fans are watching Hellraiser (1987) for the first time, they'll be surprised to find that Pinhead only appears on screen for about 10 minutes. More so, the villain is never called by his name, and he is extremely eloquent, which juxtaposes his malevolence. "I have these extraordinary lines and this wonderful language," Bradley said. "The character has this love affair with the English language, and he likes to play with people." 08 of 20 13. The Invisible Man, The Invisible Man (1933) (Original Caption) 1933- Claude Rains stars in the H.G. Wells classic thriller, "The Invisible Man." BETTMANN/GETTY Now, you see him…now you die! One of the silver screen's most dangerous villains, Dr. Jack Griffin (Claude Rains), has the uncanny ability to perpetrate any crime he desires, thanks to his power of invisibility. Unfortunately, the scientist's groundbreaking method for becoming invisible is slowly driving him wild. Rains is arguably best known for his role as Captain Renault in Casablanca (1942), but he wasn't even the second choice to play Griffin in The Invisible Man. Director James Whale wanted his Frankenstein star, Boris Karloff, to take on the lead role, but he walked away from the project over a dispute. Another Frankenstein alum, Colin Clive, was then approached by Whale, but he also turned down the part. And fans may be shocked to learn that actress Gloria Stuart, who plays Griffin's fiancé, also portrays older Rose in James Cameron's Titanic (1997). 09 of 20 12. Bruce the shark, Jaws (1975) JAWS, 1975. (c) Universal Pictures/ Courtesy: Everett Collection. EVERETT COLLECTION Forget UV radiation, in the summer of 1975, director Steven Spielberg gave the whole world something else to be afraid of when they went swimming in the ocean. The film's villain, Bruce, is a great white shark with a relentless nature — and the creature doesn't discriminate. Anyone is fair game! Besides giving birth to one of the most powerful horror villains of all time, Jaws became the first summer blockbuster. Today, all the big movies open during the summertime, but Jaws was the trendsetter. Now, the mechanical shark featured in the film is notorious for malfunctioning, which irked Spielberg to no end. "They made a big mistake, and they built the shark for freshwater," Spielberg explained on The Dick Cavett Show. "Now, they all knew we were going to the Atlantic Ocean, but for some reason, they built it for fresh water." 10 of 20 11. Carrie White, Carrie (1976) Sissy Spacek in 'Carrie' (1976) Sissy Spacek in 'Carrie' (1976). EVERETT COLLECTION Carrie White (Sissy Spacek) is more times than not pegged as one of the greatest horror villains of all time, but is she truly the monster, or is she the victim? Being bullied by her peers in Brian De Palma's adaptation of Stephen King's novel certainly brings about Carrie's untimely demise, but it's easy to sympathize with the young girl's plight. In preparing for the audition, Spacek claims to have deliberately arrived to read for the role all disheveled. In fact, the actress greased her hair with Vaseline, and she didn't even bother to brush her teeth that morning! Spacek's largely empathetic performance mixes into a maelstrom of murder when her character finally snaps and wipes out most of her schoolmates and the faculty at the infamous prom. 11 of 20 10. Jason Voorhees, the Friday the 13th franchise (1980–2009) FRIDAY THE 13TH PART 3 IN 3-D, Richard Brooker, 1982 EVERETT Jason Voorhees' evolution began as a moss-covered boy who leaped out of Crystal Lake in Friday the 13th (1980), but Jason eventually, and unbelievably, evolved into an Arnold Schwarzenegger-esque cyborg in Jason X (2001). All his iterations have one thing in common, though: Jason cannot be killed. Friday the 13th director Sean S. Cunningham and writer Victor Miller began the character's arc by casting Ari Lehman as the teenage Jason who attacks Alice (Adrienne King) in the original film. However, had Cunningham's wife not objected, the filmmaker planned to cast his own son, Noel, in the part. "My mother said, 'You're out of your mind if you think I'm going to let my kid spend four hours in a lake in the middle of fall in New Jersey to be in your stupid movie!'" Noel explained, though he went on to say that he wasn't bitter at all about his mother's decision. 12 of 20 9. Godzilla, the Godzilla franchise (1954–present) GODZILLA VS KING GHIDORAH JAP 1991 TOHO King Ghidorah and GODZILLA fight Date 1991, Photo by: Mary Evans/Ronald Grant/Everett Collection(10317303) MARY EVANS/RONALD GRANT/EVERETT Pound for pound, there's not a deadlier horror villain on this list than the King of the Monsters. Sure, sometimes he's an old softie and takes up the mantle of hero, but Godzilla was pure evil when he first appeared in Gojira (1954). A symbol of nuclear destruction, Godzilla trampled Japan and scorched it with his fiery, atomic breath. Arguably, Godzilla's most memorable kill comes against a lowly, misguided war veteran who believes the beast cares about him in Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah (1991). The man nods in reverence from inside a building to salute the monster, but Godzilla doesn't reciprocate his kindness. No, the King of the Monsters unleashes his fiery breath on the man and incinerates him instead. 13 of 20 8. Freddy Krueger, the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise (1984–2010) Robert Englund in 'A Nightmare on Elm Street' Robert Englund in 'A Nightmare on Elm Street'. EVERETT COLLECTION "One, two, Freddy's coming for you…" The dream stalker Freddy Krueger (Robert Englund) is the most unique of all the slasher villains, and the most dangerous, because he can invade his victims' dreams. And if Krueger kills someone in the dream world, they die in real life! A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984) is by far and away the scariest of the franchise's installments, but with each passing picture, Krueger's personality becomes more and more flamboyant. Just killing the Elm Street children wasn't good enough for Krueger. No, he had to taunt them with one of his infamous one-liners before offing them, and Englund won the coveted role after David Warner left the project due to a scheduling conflict. Englund said he envied how attractive his costars Heather Langenkamp and Johnny Depp were, and he used that feeling of resentment to find some of the anger in his character. 14 of 20 7. Ghostface, the Scream franchise (1996–present) SCREAM, 1996, © Dimension Films/courtesy Everett Collection EVERETT "What's your favorite scary movie?" Don't answer that question over the phone, because this is Ghostface's trademark taunt. However, what's even more ingenious in setting them apart from other horror villains is how the killer offs their victims by using the rules of horror films against them. Several actors donned the iconic guise of Ghostface in the Scream franchise, but one of the most intriguing is Billy Loomis (Skeet Ulrich) in the original film. Ulrich was attracted to the role of Sidney Prescott's (Neve Campbell) boyfriend because the character wasn't written as the stereotypical boy-next-door. However, Ulrich nearly had a different love interest in the movie. Molly Ringwald was offered Sidney's part, but she decided not to accept it because the then-27-year-old didn't want to play a high schooler again. 15 of 20 6. Candyman, the Candyman franchise (1992–1999, 2021) CANDYMAN EVERETT COLLECTION Helen Lyle (Virginia Madsen) finds out that adoration and horror don't mix when she is faced with the attachment of the sinister Candyman (Tony Todd) in the 1992 film classic. Please note: The author of this piece took special care not to write Candyman's name down too many times in a row because conjuring one of horror's all-time villains would probably ruin his and everyone else's otherwise pleasant day. In preparation for one of Candyman's most intense and visceral scenes, actor Tony Todd was stung 23 times by the swarm of real bees used in the movie, and the haunting imagery of those bees flying out of Candyman's mouth (filmed for real with no special effects) remains ingrained in horror fans' imaginations to this day. Now, Todd was smart enough to make a bargain with the filmmakers, and he negotiated a contract that ensured he was compensated for each and every bee sting: to the tune of $1,000 for each painful prick. 16 of 20 5. Michael Myers, the Halloween franchise (1978–2022) American actor Tony Moran on the set of Halloween, written and directed by John Carpenter. (Photo by Compass International Pictures/Sunset Boulevard/Corbis via Getty Images) COMPASS INTERNATIONAL PICTURES/SUNSET BOULEVARD/CORBIS VIA GETTY This guy is ruthless: He killed his own sister when he was a kid! Now, as an adult, Michael Myers is a lot like Jason Voorhees in that they're both soft-spoken, slow-walking killing machines that won't die. However, Myers sports the I'm-cooler-than-you William Shatner mask, and Jason looks like he's trying out for a community hockey team. Known as "the Shape" in John Carpenter's Halloween (1978), Michael doesn't seem to have a rhyme or a reason for his killing spree — and he is seemingly unstoppable. All it took was $300,000 to launch one of the most lucrative and frightening slasher franchises of all time. Well, $320,000 to be exact. Actor Donald Pleasence, who plays the psychiatrist intent on stopping Michael's reign of terror in five installments of the franchise, was paid the additional $20,000 for his five days of work on the project, but the veteran actor gave the low-budget affair a real sense of gravitas. 17 of 20 4. Norman Bates, Psycho (1960) View of a silhouetted figure holding a knife in the famous shower scene from the film, 'Psycho,' directed by Alfred Hitchcock, 1960. (Photo by Paramount Pictures/Courtesy of Getty Images) PARAMOUNT PICTURES/GETTY "We all go a little mad sometimes," says Norman Bates (Anthony Perkins), who represents a number of infamous fictional killers who could arguably make this list. Jack Torrance (Jack Nicholson), Buffalo Bill (Ted Levine), Patrick Bateman (Christian Bale), and even a younger Norman (Freddie Highmore) all garner honorable mentions, but Alfred Hitchcock's serial killer is the straw who stirs the drink. It's hard to go into story details without spoilers, but Norman is involved in one of the biggest twist endings of all time. On set, Hitchcock was quite fond of Perkins, and he referred to the actor as "Master Bates." The filmmaker gave Perkins some room for improvisation, and that's how Norman's love of candy corn came about. Speaking of food, every time fans see blood on screen in Psycho (1960), they're looking at Bosco chocolate syrup. 18 of 20 3. Frankenstein's Monster, the Frankenstein franchise (1931–1948) British actor Boris Karloff (1887 - 1969) as Frankenstein's monster in 'Frankenstein', directed by James Whale, 1931. (Photo by Silver Screen Collection/Getty Images) SILVER SCREEN COLLECTION/GETTY Dr. Henry Frankenstein's (Colin Clive) creation is a creature of immense strength, but the abnormal brain rotting away in his head makes him incapable of rational thought in Universal Pictures' Frankenstein (1931). The Monster is the precursor to slasher villains like Michael Myers and Jason Voorhees who lumber along on their killing sprees, though this blueprint is far more sympathetic. As ghastly as Frankestein's Monster's accidental drowning of a young girl (Marilyn Harris) is, the creature is much more a victim than a villain, at least in the original movie. In the 1994 remake starring Robert De Niro, however, the creature is more like the character in Mary Shelley's 1818 novel: intelligent, deadly, and dastardly. Bela Lugosi was originally slated to star as the Monster in the 1931 version, but when he passed, Boris Karloff was chosen by director James Whale after a chance meeting in the Universal commissary. 19 of 20 2. Hannibal Lecter, Manhunter (1986), The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Hannibal (2001), Red Dragon (2002), and Hannibal Rising (2007) Silence of the Lambs Silence of the Lambs. ORION With no way of stopping the serial murderer known as Buffalo Bill, special agent Clarice Starling (Jodie Foster) is forced to join forces with the brilliant but dangerous Dr. Hannibal Lecter (Anthony Hopkins) in order to catch the savage killer. Fans of the television series Monk may not realize it, but their beloved Captain Stottlemeyer is none other than the Buffalo Bill actor himself, Ted Levine. However, it's the cannibal, Hannibal Lecter, who ranks as one of the best horror villains of all time. For his performance as the fava-bean eating and Chianti-drinking Lecter, Hopkins became only the second performer in history to win a Best Actor Oscar in the horror genre. 20 of 20 1. Count Dracula, the Dracula films (1931–present) DRACULA, Bela Lugosi, 1931 EVERETT COLLECTION Dracula is the most influential horror villain of all time. The Count stalks like a slasher, murders in droves like a serial killer, and is the inspiration for every single vampire movie made after 1931. Dracula's vast powers, and his immortality, make him the most formidable of any killer on this list, and while Bela Lugosi is most often associated with the character, it was Sir Christopher Lee who made the Count the vile, sadistic creature of the night. Lee gave the character a grandiose feel thanks to his imposing height, and there was a sexuality the villain exuded that made him irresistible. Unlike his colleague and friend, Peter Cushing, Lee loathed reprising the role because Hammer wasn't faithful to Bram Stoker's 1897 novel. "I wanted to play Stoker's character," Lee explained. "It wasn't remotely like the book." Halloween Article Talk Read View source View history Tools Appearance hide Text Small Standard Large Width Standard Wide Color (beta) Automatic Light Dark Report an issue with dark mode Page semi-protected From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Halloween (disambiguation). "All Hallows' Eve" redirects here. For other uses, see All Hallows' Eve (disambiguation). For the slasher multimedia franchise, see Halloween (franchise). Halloween Carving a jack-o'-lantern, a common Halloween tradition Also called Hallowe'en All Hallowe'en All Hallows' Eve All Saints' Eve Observed by Western Christians and many non-Christians around the world[1] Type Christian, cultural Significance First day of Allhallowtide[2][3] Celebrations Trick-or-treating, costume parties, making jack-o'-lanterns, lighting bonfires, divination, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions Observances Church services,[4] prayer,[5] fasting,[1] vigil[6] Date 31 October Related to Samhain, Hop-tu-Naa, Calan Gaeaf, Allantide, Day of the Dead, Reformation Day, All Saints' Day, Mischief Night (cf. vigil) Halloween or Hallowe'en[7][8] (less commonly known as Allhalloween,[9] All Hallows' Eve,[10] or All Saints' Eve)[11] is a celebration observed in many countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Hallows' Day. It is at the beginning of the observance of Allhallowtide,[12] the time in the liturgical year dedicated to remembering the dead, including saints (hallows), martyrs, and all the faithful departed.[3][13][14][15] In popular culture, the day has become a celebration of horror, being associated with the macabre and supernatural.[16] One theory holds that many Halloween traditions were influenced by Celtic harvest festivals, particularly the Gaelic festival Samhain, which are believed to have pagan roots.[17][18][19][20] Some go further and suggest that Samhain may have been Christianized as All Hallow's Day, along with its eve, by the early Church.[21] Other academics believe Halloween began solely as a Christian holiday, being the vigil of All Hallow's Day.[22][23][24][25] Celebrated in Ireland and Scotland for centuries, Irish and Scottish immigrants took many Halloween customs to North America in the 19th century,[26][27] and then through American influence various Halloween customs spread to other countries by the late 20th and early 21st century.[16][28] Popular Halloween activities include trick-or-treating (or the related guising and souling), attending Halloween costume parties, carving pumpkins or turnips into jack-o'-lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, divination games, playing pranks, visiting haunted attractions, telling scary stories, and watching horror or Halloween-themed films.[29] Some people practice the Christian observances of All Hallows' Eve, including attending church services and lighting candles on the graves of the dead,[30][31][32] although it is a secular celebration for others.[33][34][35] Some Christians historically abstained from meat on All Hallows' Eve, a tradition reflected in the eating of certain vegetarian foods on this vigil day, including apples, potato pancakes, and soul cakes.[36][37][38][39] Etymology "Halloween" (1785) by Scottish poet Robert Burns, recounts various legends of the holiday. The word Halloween or Hallowe'en ("Saints' evening"[40]) is of Christian origin;[41][42] a term equivalent to "All Hallows Eve" is attested in Old English.[43] The word hallowe[']en comes from the Scottish form of All Hallows' Eve (the evening before All Hallows' Day):[44] even is the Scots term for "eve" or "evening",[45] and is contracted to e'en or een;[46] (All) Hallow(s) E(v)en became Hallowe'en. History Christian origins and historic customs Halloween is thought to have influences from Christian beliefs and practices.[47][23] The English word 'Halloween' comes from "All Hallows' Eve", being the evening before the Christian holy days of All Hallows' Day (All Saints' Day) on 1 November and All Souls' Day on 2 November.[48] Since the time of the early Church,[49] major feasts in Christianity (such as Christmas, Easter and Pentecost) had vigils that began the night before, as did the feast of All Hallows'.[50][47] These three days are collectively called Allhallowtide and are a time when Western Christians honour all saints and pray for recently departed souls who have yet to reach Heaven. Commemorations of all saints and martyrs were held by several churches on various dates, mostly in springtime.[51] In 4th-century Roman Edessa it was held on 13 May, and on 13 May 609, Pope Boniface IV re-dedicated the Pantheon in Rome to "St Mary and all martyrs".[52] This was the date of Lemuria, an ancient Roman festival of the dead.[53] In the 8th century, Pope Gregory III (731–741) founded an oratory in St Peter's for the relics "of the holy apostles and of all saints, martyrs and confessors".[47][54] Some sources say it was dedicated on 1 November,[55] while others say it was on Palm Sunday in April 732.[56][57] By 800, there is evidence that churches in Ireland[58] and Northumbria were holding a feast commemorating all saints on 1 November.[59] Alcuin of Northumbria, a member of Charlemagne's court, may then have introduced this 1 November date in the Frankish Empire.[60] In 835, it became the official date in the Frankish Empire.[59] Some suggest this was due to Celtic influence, while others suggest it was a Germanic idea,[59] although it is claimed that both Germanic and Celtic-speaking peoples commemorated the dead at the beginning of winter.[61] They may have seen it as the most fitting time to do so, as it is a time of 'dying' in nature.[59][61] It is also suggested the change was made on the "practical grounds that Rome in summer could not accommodate the great number of pilgrims who flocked to it", and perhaps because of public health concerns over Roman Fever, which claimed a number of lives during Rome's sultry summers.[62][47] On All Hallows' Eve, Christians in some parts of the world visit cemeteries to pray and place flowers and candles on the graves of their loved ones.[63] Top: Christians in Bangladesh lighting candles on the headstone of a relative. Bottom: Lutheran Christians praying and lighting candles in front of the central crucifix of a graveyard. By the end of the 12th century, the celebration had become known as the holy days of obligation in Western Christianity and involved such traditions as ringing church bells for souls in purgatory. It was also "customary for criers dressed in black to parade the streets, ringing a bell of mournful sound and calling on all good Christians to remember the poor souls".[64] The Allhallowtide custom of baking and sharing soul cakes for all christened souls,[65] has been suggested as the origin of trick-or-treating.[66] The custom dates back at least as far as the 15th century[67] and was found in parts of England, Wales, Flanders, Bavaria and Austria.[68] Groups of poor people, often children, would go door-to-door during Allhallowtide, collecting soul cakes, in exchange for praying for the dead, especially the souls of the givers' friends and relatives. This was called "souling".[67][69][70] Soul cakes were also offered for the souls themselves to eat,[68] or the 'soulers' would act as their representatives.[71] As with the Lenten tradition of hot cross buns, soul cakes were often marked with a cross, indicating they were baked as alms.[72] Shakespeare mentions souling in his comedy The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1593).[73] While souling, Christians would carry "lanterns made of hollowed-out turnips", which could have originally represented souls of the dead;[74][75] jack-o'-lanterns were used to ward off evil spirits.[76][77] On All Saints' and All Souls' Day during the 19th century, candles were lit in homes in Ireland,[78] Flanders, Bavaria, and in Tyrol, where they were called "soul lights",[79] that served "to guide the souls back to visit their earthly homes".[80] In many of these places, candles were also lit at graves on All Souls' Day.[79] In Brittany, libations of milk were poured on the graves of kinfolk,[68] or food would be left overnight on the dinner table for the returning souls;[79] a custom also found in Tyrol and parts of Italy.[81][79] Christian minister Prince Sorie Conteh linked the wearing of costumes to the belief in vengeful ghosts: "It was traditionally believed that the souls of the departed wandered the earth until All Saints' Day, and All Hallows' Eve provided one last chance for the dead to gain vengeance on their enemies before moving to the next world. In order to avoid being recognized by any soul that might be seeking such vengeance, people would don masks or costumes".[82] In the Middle Ages, churches in Europe that were too poor to display relics of martyred saints at Allhallowtide let parishioners dress up as saints instead.[83][84] Some Christians observe this custom at Halloween today.[85] Lesley Bannatyne believes this could have been a Christianization of an earlier pagan custom.[86] Many Christians in mainland Europe, especially in France, believed "that once a year, on Hallowe'en, the dead of the churchyards rose for one wild, hideous carnival" known as the danse macabre, which was often depicted in church decoration.[87] Christopher Allmand and Rosamond McKitterick write in The New Cambridge Medieval History that the danse macabre urged Christians "not to forget the end of all earthly things".[88] The danse macabre was sometimes enacted in European village pageants and court masques, with people "dressing up as corpses from various strata of society", and this may be the origin of Halloween costume parties.[89][90][91][74] In Britain, these customs came under attack during the Reformation, as Protestants berated purgatory as a "popish" doctrine incompatible with the Calvinist doctrine of predestination. State-sanctioned ceremonies associated with the intercession of saints and prayer for souls in purgatory were abolished during the Elizabethan reform, though All Hallow's Day remained in the English liturgical calendar to "commemorate saints as godly human beings".[92] For some Nonconformist Protestants, the theology of All Hallows' Eve was redefined; "souls cannot be journeying from Purgatory on their way to Heaven, as Catholics frequently believe and assert. Instead, the so-called ghosts are thought to be in actuality evil spirits".[93] Other Protestants believed in an intermediate state known as Hades (Bosom of Abraham).[94] In some localities, Catholics and Protestants continued souling, candlelit processions, or ringing church bells for the dead;[48][95] the Anglican church eventually suppressed this bell-ringing.[96] Mark Donnelly, a professor of medieval archaeology, and historian Daniel Diehl write that "barns and homes were blessed to protect people and livestock from the effect of witches, who were believed to accompany the malignant spirits as they traveled the earth".[97] After 1605, Hallowtide was eclipsed in England by Guy Fawkes Night (5 November), which appropriated some of its customs.[98] In England, the ending of official ceremonies related to the intercession of saints led to the development of new, unofficial Hallowtide customs. In 18th–19th century rural Lancashire, Catholic families gathered on hills on the night of All Hallows' Eve. One held a bunch of burning straw on a pitchfork while the rest knelt around him, praying for the souls of relatives and friends until the flames went out. This was known as teen'lay.[99] There was a similar custom in Hertfordshire, and the lighting of 'tindle' fires in Derbyshire.[100] Some suggested these 'tindles' were originally lit to "guide the poor souls back to earth".[101] In Scotland and Ireland, old Allhallowtide customs that were at odds with Reformed teaching were not suppressed as they "were important to the life cycle and rites of passage of local communities" and curbing them would have been difficult.[26] In parts of Italy until the 15th century, families left a meal out for the ghosts of relatives, before leaving for church services.[81] In 19th-century Italy, churches staged "theatrical re-enactments of scenes from the lives of the saints" on All Hallow's Day, with "participants represented by realistic wax figures".[81] In 1823, the graveyard of Holy Spirit Hospital in Rome presented a scene in which bodies of those who recently died were arrayed around a wax statue of an angel who pointed upward towards heaven.[81] In the same country, "parish priests went house-to-house, asking for small gifts of food which they shared among themselves throughout that night".[81] In Spain, they continue to bake special pastries called "bones of the holy" (Spanish: Huesos de Santo) and set them on graves.[102] At cemeteries in Spain and France, as well as in Latin America, priests lead Christian processions and services during Allhallowtide, after which people keep an all night vigil.[103] In 19th-century San Sebastián, there was a procession to the city cemetery at Allhallowtide, an event that drew beggars who "appeal[ed] to the tender recollections of one's deceased relations and friends" for sympathy.[104] Gaelic folk influence An early 20th-century Irish Halloween mask displayed at the Museum of Country Life in County Mayo, Ireland Today's Halloween customs are thought to have been influenced by folk customs and beliefs from the Celtic-speaking countries, some of which are believed to have pagan roots.[105] Jack Santino, a folklorist, writes that "there was throughout Ireland an uneasy truce existing between customs and beliefs associated with Christianity and those associated with religions that were Irish before Christianity arrived".[106] The origins of Halloween customs are typically linked to the Gaelic festival Samhain.[107] Samhain is one of the quarter days in the medieval Gaelic calendar and has been celebrated on 31 October – 1 November[108] in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.[109][110] A kindred festival has been held by the Brittonic Celts, called Calan Gaeaf in Wales, Kalan Gwav in Cornwall and Kalan Goañv in Brittany; a name meaning "first day of winter". For the Celts, the day ended and began at sunset; thus the festival begins the evening before 1 November by modern reckoning.[111] Samhain is mentioned in some of the earliest Irish literature. The names have been used by historians to refer to Celtic Halloween customs up until the 19th century,[112] and are still the Gaelic and Welsh names for Halloween. Snap-Apple Night, painted by Daniel Maclise in 1833, shows people feasting and playing divination games on Halloween in Ireland.[113] Samhain marked the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter or the 'darker half' of the year.[114][115] It was seen as a liminal time, when the boundary between this world and the Otherworld thinned. This meant the Aos Sí, the 'spirits' or 'fairies', could more easily come into this world and were particularly active.[116][117] Most scholars see them as "degraded versions of ancient gods [...] whose power remained active in the people's minds even after they had been officially replaced by later religious beliefs".[118] They were both respected and feared, with individuals often invoking the protection of God when approaching their dwellings.[119][120] At Samhain, the Aos Sí were appeased to ensure the people and livestock survived the winter. Offerings of food and drink, or portions of the crops, were left outside for them.[121][122][123] The souls of the dead were also said to revisit their homes seeking hospitality.[124] Places were set at the dinner table and by the fire to welcome them.[125] The belief that the souls of the dead return home on one night of the year and must be appeased seems to have ancient origins and is found in many cultures.[68] In 19th century Ireland, "candles would be lit and prayers formally offered for the souls of the dead. After this the eating, drinking, and games would begin".[126] Throughout Ireland and Britain, especially in the Celtic-speaking regions, the household festivities included divination rituals and games intended to foretell one's future, especially regarding death and marriage.[127] Apples and nuts were often used, and customs included apple bobbing, nut roasting, scrying or mirror-gazing, pouring molten lead or egg whites into water, dream interpretation, and others.[128] Special bonfires were lit and there were rituals involving them. Their flames, smoke, and ashes were deemed to have protective and cleansing powers.[114] In some places, torches lit from the bonfire were carried sunwise around homes and fields to protect them.[112] It is suggested the fires were a kind of imitative or sympathetic magic – they mimicked the Sun and held back the decay and darkness of winter.[125][129][130] They were also used for divination and to ward off evil spirits.[76] In Scotland, these bonfires and divination games were banned by the church elders in some parishes.[131] In Wales, bonfires were also lit to "prevent the souls of the dead from falling to earth".[132] Later, these bonfires "kept away the devil".[133] photograph A plaster cast of a traditional Irish Halloween turnip (swede, rutabaga) lantern on display in the Museum of Country Life, Ireland[134] From at least the 16th century,[135] the festival included mumming and guising in Ireland, Scotland, the Isle of Man and Wales.[136] This involved people going house-to-house in costume (or in disguise), usually reciting verses or songs in exchange for food. It may have originally been a tradition whereby people impersonated the Aos Sí, or the souls of the dead, and received offerings on their behalf, similar to 'souling'. Impersonating these beings, or wearing a disguise, was also believed to protect oneself from them.[137] In parts of southern Ireland, the guisers included a hobby horse. A man dressed as a Láir Bhán (white mare) led youths house-to-house reciting verses – some of which had pagan overtones – in exchange for food. If the household donated food it could expect good fortune from the 'Muck Olla'; not doing so would bring misfortune.[138] In Scotland, youths went house-to-house with masked, painted or blackened faces, often threatening to do mischief if they were not welcomed.[136] F. Marian McNeill suggests the ancient festival included people in costume representing the spirits, and that faces were marked or blackened with ashes from the sacred bonfire.[135] In parts of Wales, men went about dressed as fearsome beings called gwrachod.[136] In the late 19th and early 20th century, young people in Glamorgan and Orkney cross-dressed.[136] Elsewhere in Europe, mumming was part of other festivals, but in the Celtic-speaking regions, it was "particularly appropriate to a night upon which supernatural beings were said to be abroad and could be imitated or warded off by human wanderers".[136] From at least the 18th century, "imitating malignant spirits" led to playing pranks in Ireland and the Scottish Highlands. Wearing costumes and playing pranks at Halloween did not spread to England until the 20th century.[136] Pranksters used hollowed-out turnips or mangel wurzels as lanterns, often carved with grotesque faces.[136] By those who made them, the lanterns were variously said to represent the spirits,[136] or used to ward off evil spirits.[139][140] They were common in parts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands in the 19th century,[136] as well as in Somerset (see Punkie Night). In the 20th century they spread to other parts of Britain and became generally known as jack-o'-lanterns.[136] Spread to North America "Halloween Days", article from American newspaper, The Sunday Oregonian, 1916 Lesley Bannatyne and Cindy Ott write that Anglican colonists in the southern United States and Catholic colonists in Maryland "recognized All Hallow's Eve in their church calendars",[141][142] although the Puritans of New England strongly opposed the holiday, along with other traditional celebrations of the established Church, including Christmas.[143] Almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th century give no indication that Halloween was widely celebrated in North America.[26] It was not until after mass Irish and Scottish immigration in the 19th century that Halloween became a major holiday in America.[26] Most American Halloween traditions were inherited from the Irish and Scots,[27][144] though "In Cajun areas, a nocturnal Mass was said in cemeteries on Halloween night. Candles that had been blessed were placed on graves, and families sometimes spent the entire night at the graveside".[145] Originally confined to these immigrant communities, it was gradually assimilated into mainstream society and was celebrated coast to coast by people of all social, racial, and religious backgrounds by the early 20th century.[146] Then, through American influence, these Halloween traditions spread to many other countries by the late 20th and early 21st century, including to mainland Europe and some parts of the Far East.[28][16][147] Symbols At Halloween, yards, public spaces, and some houses may be decorated with traditionally macabre symbols including skeletons, ghosts, cobwebs, headstones, and witches. Development of artifacts and symbols associated with Halloween formed over time. Jack-o'-lanterns are traditionally carried by guisers on All Hallows' Eve in order to frighten evil spirits.[75][148] There is a popular Irish Christian folktale associated with the jack-o'-lantern,[149] which in folklore is said to represent a "soul who has been denied entry into both heaven and hell":[150] On route home after a night's drinking, Jack encounters the Devil and tricks him into climbing a tree. A quick-thinking Jack etches the sign of the cross into the bark, thus trapping the Devil. Jack strikes a bargain that Satan can never claim his soul. After a life of sin, drink, and mendacity, Jack is refused entry to heaven when he dies. Keeping his promise, the Devil refuses to let Jack into hell and throws a live coal straight from the fires of hell at him. It was a cold night, so Jack places the coal in a hollowed out turnip to stop it from going out, since which time Jack and his lantern have been roaming looking for a place to rest.[151] In Ireland, Scotland, and Northern England the turnip has traditionally been carved during Halloween,[152][153] but immigrants to North America used the native pumpkin, which is both much softer and much larger, making it easier to carve than a turnip.[152] The American tradition of carving pumpkins is recorded in 1837[154] and was originally associated with harvest time in general, not becoming specifically associated with Halloween until the mid-to-late 19th century.[155] Decorated house in Weatherly, Pennsylvania The modern imagery of Halloween comes from many sources, including Christian eschatology, national customs, works of Gothic and horror literature (such as the novels Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus and Dracula) and classic horror films such as Frankenstein (1931) and The Mummy (1932).[156][157] Imagery of the skull, a reference to Golgotha in the Christian tradition, serves as "a reminder of death and the transitory quality of human life" and is consequently found in memento mori and vanitas compositions;[158] skulls have therefore been commonplace in Halloween, which touches on this theme.[159] Traditionally, the back walls of churches are "decorated with a depiction of the Last Judgment, complete with graves opening and the dead rising, with a heaven filled with angels and a hell filled with devils", a motif that has permeated the observance of this triduum.[160] One of the earliest works on the subject of Halloween is from Scottish poet John Mayne, who, in 1780, made note of pranks at Halloween; "What fearfu' pranks ensue!", as well as the supernatural associated with the night, "bogles" (ghosts),[161] influencing Robert Burns' "Halloween" (1785).[162] Elements of the autumn season, such as pumpkins, corn husks, and scarecrows, are also prevalent. Homes are often decorated with these types of symbols around Halloween. Halloween imagery includes themes of death, evil, and mythical monsters.[163] Black cats, which have been long associated with witches, are also a common symbol of Halloween. Black, orange, and sometimes purple are Halloween's traditional colors.[164] Trick-or-treating and guising Main article: Trick-or-treating Trick-or-treaters in Sweden Trick-or-treating is a customary celebration for children on Halloween. Children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, "Trick or treat?" The word "trick" implies a "threat" to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given.[66] The practice is said to have roots in the medieval practice of mumming, which is closely related to souling.[165] John Pymm wrote that "many of the feast days associated with the presentation of mumming plays were celebrated by the Christian Church."[166] These feast days included All Hallows' Eve, Christmas, Twelfth Night and Shrove Tuesday.[167][168] Mumming practiced in Germany, Scandinavia and other parts of Europe,[169] involved masked persons in fancy dress who "paraded the streets and entered houses to dance or play dice in silence".[170] Girl in a Halloween costume in 1928, Ontario, Canada, the same province where the Scottish Halloween custom of guising was first recorded in North America In England, from the medieval period,[171] up until the 1930s,[172] people practiced the Christian custom of souling on Halloween, which involved groups of soulers, both Protestant and Catholic,[95] going from parish to parish, begging the rich for soul cakes, in exchange for praying for the souls of the givers and their friends.[69] In the Philippines, the practice of souling is called Pangangaluluwa and is practiced on All Hallow's Eve among children in rural areas.[29] People drape themselves in white cloths to represent souls and then visit houses, where they sing in return for prayers and sweets.[29] In Scotland and Ireland, guising – children disguised in costume going from door to door for food or coins – is a secular Halloween custom.[173] It is recorded in Scotland at Halloween in 1895 where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped out turnips, visit homes to be rewarded with cakes, fruit, and money.[153][174] In Ireland, the most popular phrase for kids to shout (until the 2000s) was "Help the Halloween Party".[173] The practice of guising at Halloween in North America was first recorded in 1911, where a newspaper in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, reported children going "guising" around the neighborhood.[175] American historian and author Ruth Edna Kelley of Massachusetts wrote the first book-length history of Halloween in the US; The Book of Hallowe'en (1919), and references souling in the chapter "Hallowe'en in America".[176] In her book, Kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the Atlantic; "Americans have fostered them, and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its best days overseas. All Halloween customs in the United States are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries".[177] While the first reference to "guising" in North America occurs in 1911, another reference to ritual begging on Halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a third reference in Chicago in 1920.[178] The earliest known use in print of the term "trick or treat" appears in 1927, in the Blackie Herald, of Alberta, Canada.[179] An automobile trunk at a trunk-or-treat event at St. John Lutheran Church and Early Learning Center in Darien, Illinois The thousands of Halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children but not trick-or-treating.[180] Trick-or-treating does not seem to have become a widespread practice in North America until the 1930s, with the first US appearances of the term in 1934,[181] and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939.[182] A popular variant of trick-or-treating, known as trunk-or-treating (or Halloween tailgating), occurs when "children are offered treats from the trunks of cars parked in a church parking lot", or sometimes, a school parking lot.[102][183] In a trunk-or-treat event, the trunk (boot) of each automobile is decorated with a certain theme,[184] such as those of children's literature, movies, scripture, and job roles.[185] Trunk-or-treating has grown in popularity due to its perception as being more safe than going door to door, a point that resonates well with parents, as well as the fact that it "solves the rural conundrum in which homes [are] built a half-mile apart".[186][187] Costumes Main article: Halloween costume Halloween shop in Derry, Northern Ireland, selling masks Halloween costumes were traditionally modeled after figures such as vampires, ghosts, skeletons, scary looking witches, and devils.[66] Over time, the costume selection extended to include popular characters from fiction, celebrities, and generic archetypes such as ninjas and princesses. Dressing up in costumes and going "guising" was prevalent in Scotland and Ireland at Halloween by the late 19th century.[153] A Scottish term, the tradition is called "guising" because of the disguises or costumes worn by the children.[174] In Ireland and Scotland, the masks are known as 'false faces',[41][188] a term recorded in Ayr, Scotland in 1890 by a Scot describing guisers: "I had mind it was Halloween . . . the wee callans (boys) were at it already, rinning aboot wi’ their fause-faces (false faces) on and their bits o’ turnip lanthrons (lanterns) in their haun (hand)".[41] Costuming became popular for Halloween parties in the US in the early 20th century, as often for adults as for children, and when trick-or-treating was becoming popular in Canada and the US in the 1920s and 1930s.[179][189] Eddie J. Smith, in his book Halloween, Hallowed is Thy Name, offers a religious perspective to the wearing of costumes on All Hallows' Eve, suggesting that by dressing up as creatures "who at one time caused us to fear and tremble", people are able to poke fun at Satan "whose kingdom has been plundered by our Saviour". Images of skeletons and the dead are traditional decorations used as memento mori.[190][191] The annual New York Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village, Manhattan, is the world's largest Halloween parade, with millions of spectators annually. "Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF" is a fundraising program to support UNICEF,[66] a United Nations Programme that provides humanitarian aid to children in developing countries. Started as a local event in a Northeast Philadelphia neighborhood in 1950 and expanded nationally in 1952, the program involves the distribution of small boxes by schools (or in modern times, corporate sponsors like Hallmark, at their licensed stores) to trick-or-treaters, in which they can solicit small-change donations from the houses they visit. It is estimated that children have collected more than $118 million for UNICEF since its inception. In Canada, in 2006, UNICEF decided to discontinue their Halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program.[192][193] The yearly New York's Village Halloween Parade was begun in 1974; it is the world's largest Halloween parade and America's only major nighttime parade, attracting more than 60,000 costumed participants, two million spectators, and a worldwide television audience.[194] Since the late 2010s, ethnic stereotypes as costumes have increasingly come under scrutiny in the United States.[195][196][197] Pet costumes According to a 2018 report from the National Retail Federation, 30 million Americans will spend an estimated $480 million on Halloween costumes for their pets in 2018. This is up from an estimated $200 million in 2010. The most popular costumes for pets are the pumpkin, followed by the hot dog, and the bumblebee in third place.[198] Games and other activities In this 1904 Halloween greeting card, divination is depicted: the young woman, looking into a mirror in a darkened room, hopes to catch a glimpse of her future husband. There are several games traditionally associated with Halloween. Some of these games originated as divination rituals or ways of foretelling one's future, especially regarding death, marriage and children. During the Middle Ages, these rituals were done by a "rare few" in rural communities as they were considered to be "deadly serious" practices.[199] In recent centuries, these divination games have been "a common feature of the household festivities" in Ireland and Britain.[127] They often involve apples and hazelnuts. In Celtic mythology, apples were strongly associated with the Otherworld and immortality, while hazelnuts were associated with divine wisdom.[200] Some also suggest that they derive from Roman practices in celebration of Pomona.[66] Children bobbing for apples at Hallowe'en The following activities were a common feature of Halloween in Ireland and Britain during the 17th–20th centuries. Some have become more widespread and continue to be popular today. One common game is apple bobbing or dunking (which may be called "dooking" in Scotland)[201] in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use only their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. A variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drive the fork into an apple. Another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup-coated scones by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a sticky face. Another once-popular game involves hanging a small wooden rod from the ceiling at head height, with a lit candle on one end and an apple hanging from the other. The rod is spun round, and everyone takes turns to try to catch the apple with their teeth.[202] Image from the Book of Hallowe'en (1919) showing several Halloween activities, such as nut roasting Several of the traditional activities from Ireland and Britain involve foretelling one's future partner or spouse. An apple would be peeled in one long strip, then the peel tossed over the shoulder. The peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse's name.[203][204] Two hazelnuts would be roasted near a fire; one named for the person roasting them and the other for the person they desire. If the nuts jump away from the heat, it is a bad sign, but if the nuts roast quietly it foretells a good match.[205][206] A salty oatmeal bannock would be baked; the person would eat it in three bites and then go to bed in silence without anything to drink. This is said to result in a dream in which their future spouse offers them a drink to quench their thirst.[207] Unmarried women were told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on Halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror.[208] The custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on greeting cards[209] from the late 19th century and early 20th century. Another popular Irish game was known as púicíní ("blindfolds"); a person would be blindfolded and then would choose between several saucers. The item in the saucer would provide a hint as to their future: a ring would mean that they would marry soon; clay, that they would die soon, perhaps within the year; water, that they would emigrate; rosary beads, that they would take Holy Orders (become a nun, priest, monk, etc.); a coin, that they would become rich; a bean, that they would be poor.[210][211][212][213] The game features prominently in the James Joyce short story "Clay" (1914).[214][215][216] Barmbrack (showing ring found inside) at Halloween in 2020 In Ireland and Scotland, items would be hidden in food – usually a cake, barmbrack, cranachan, champ or colcannon – and portions of it served out at random. A person's future would be foretold by the item they happened to find; for example, a ring meant marriage and a coin meant wealth.[217] Up until the 19th century, the Halloween bonfires were also used for divination in parts of Scotland, Wales and Brittany. When the fire died down, a ring of stones would be laid in the ashes, one for each person. In the morning, if any stone was mislaid it was said that the person it represented would not live out the year.[112] In Mexico, children create altars to invite the spirits of deceased children to return (angelitos).[218] Telling ghost stories, listening to Halloween-themed songs and watching horror films are common fixtures of Halloween parties. Episodes of television series and Halloween-themed specials (with the specials usually aimed at children) are commonly aired on or before Halloween, while new horror films are often released before Halloween to take advantage of the holiday. Haunted attractions Main article: Haunted attraction (simulated) Humorous tombstones in front of a house in California Humorous display window in Historic 25th Street, Ogden, Utah Haunted attractions are entertainment venues designed to thrill and scare patrons. Most attractions are seasonal Halloween businesses that may include haunted houses, corn mazes, and hayrides,[219] and the level of sophistication of the effects has risen as the industry has grown. The first recorded purpose-built haunted attraction was the Orton and Spooner Ghost House, which opened in 1915 in Liphook, England. This attraction actually most closely resembles a carnival fun house, powered by steam.[220][221] The House still exists, in the Hollycombe Steam Collection. It was during the 1930s, about the same time as trick-or-treating, that Halloween-themed haunted houses first began to appear in America. It was in the late 1950s that haunted houses as a major attraction began to appear, focusing first on California. Sponsored by the Children's Health Home Junior Auxiliary, the San Mateo Haunted House opened in 1957. The San Bernardino Assistance League Haunted House opened in 1958. Home haunts began appearing across the country during 1962 and 1963. In 1964, the San Manteo Haunted House opened, as well as the Children's Museum Haunted House in Indianapolis.[222] The haunted house as an American cultural icon can be attributed to the opening of The Haunted Mansion in Disneyland on 12 August 1969.[223] Knott's Berry Farm began hosting its own Halloween night attraction, Knott's Scary Farm, which opened in 1973.[224] Evangelical Christians adopted a form of these attractions by opening one of the first "hell houses" in 1972.[225] The first Halloween haunted house run by a nonprofit organization was produced in 1970 by the Sycamore-Deer Park Jaycees in Clifton, Ohio. It was cosponsored by WSAI, an AM radio station broadcasting out of Cincinnati, Ohio. It was last produced in 1982.[226] Other Jaycees followed suit with their own versions after the success of the Ohio house. The March of Dimes copyrighted a "Mini haunted house for the March of Dimes" in 1976 and began fundraising through their local chapters by conducting haunted houses soon after. Although they apparently quit supporting this type of event nationally sometime in the 1980s, some March of Dimes haunted houses have persisted until today.[227] On the evening of 11 May 1984, in Jackson Township, New Jersey, the Haunted Castle at Six Flags Great Adventure caught fire. As a result of the fire, eight teenagers perished.[228] The backlash to the tragedy was a tightening of regulations relating to safety, building codes and the frequency of inspections of attractions nationwide. The smaller venues, especially the nonprofit attractions, were unable to compete financially, and the better funded commercial enterprises filled the vacuum.[229][230] Facilities that were once able to avoid regulation because they were considered to be temporary installations now had to adhere to the stricter codes required of permanent attractions.[231][232][233] In the late 1980s and early 1990s, theme parks became a notable figure in the Halloween business. Six Flags Fright Fest began in 1986 and Universal Studios Florida began Halloween Horror Nights in 1991. Knott's Scary Farm experienced a surge in attendance in the 1990s as a result of America's obsession with Halloween as a cultural event. Theme parks have played a major role in globalizing the holiday. Universal Studios Singapore and Universal Studios Japan both participate, while Disney now mounts Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party events at its parks in Paris, Hong Kong and Tokyo, as well as in the United States.[234] The theme park haunts are by far the largest, both in scale and attendance.[235] Food Pumpkins for sale during Halloween On All Hallows' Eve, many Western Christian denominations encourage abstinence from meat, giving rise to a variety of vegetarian foods associated with this day.[236] A candy apple Because in the Northern Hemisphere Halloween comes in the wake of the yearly apple harvest, candy apples (known as toffee apples outside North America), caramel apples or taffy apples are common Halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling them in nuts. At one time, candy apples were commonly given to trick-or-treating children, but the practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in the apples in the United States.[237] While there is evidence of such incidents,[238] relative to the degree of reporting of such cases, actual cases involving malicious acts are extremely rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of the mass media. At the peak of the hysteria, some hospitals offered free X-rays of children's Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poisoned their own children's candy.[239] One custom that persists in modern-day Ireland is the baking (or more often nowadays, the purchase) of a barmbrack (Irish: báirín breac), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin, and other charms are placed before baking.[240] It is considered fortunate to be the lucky one who finds it.[240] It has also been said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. This is similar to the tradition of king cake at the festival of Epiphany. Halloween-themed foods are also produced by companies in the lead up to the night, for example Cadbury releasing Goo Heads (similar to Creme Eggs) in spooky wrapping.[241] A Halloween cake decorated with ghosts, spider webs, skulls and long bones, and spiders. The cake is topped with a jack-o'-lantern. Foods such as cakes will often be decorated with Halloween colors (typically black, orange, and purple) and motifs for parties and events. Popular themes include pumpkins, spiders, and body parts.[242][243][244] List of foods associated with Halloween: Barmbrack (Ireland) Bonfire toffee (Great Britain) Candy apples/toffee apples (Great Britain and Ireland) Candy apples, candy corn, candy pumpkins (North America) Monkey nuts (peanuts in their shells) (Ireland and Scotland) Caramel apples Caramel corn Colcannon (Ireland; see below) Sweets/candy/chocolate, often with novelty shapes like skulls, pumpkins, bats, etc. Roasted pumpkin seeds Roasted sweet corn Soul cakes Pumpkin pie Christian observances The Vigil of All Hallows is being celebrated at an Episcopal Christian church on Hallowe'en. On Hallowe'en (All Hallows' Eve), in Poland, believers were once taught to pray out loud as they walk through the forests in order that the souls of the dead might find comfort; in Spain, Christian priests in tiny villages toll their church bells in order to remind their congregants to remember the dead on All Hallows' Eve.[245] In Ireland, and among immigrants in Canada, a custom includes the Christian practice of abstinence, keeping All Hallows' Eve as a meat-free day and serving pancakes or colcannon instead.[246] The Christian Church traditionally observed Hallowe'en through a vigil. Worshippers prepared themselves for feasting on the following All Saints' Day with prayers and fasting.[247] This church service is known as the Vigil of All Hallows or the Vigil of All Saints;[248][249] an initiative known as Night of Light seeks to further spread the Vigil of All Hallows throughout Christendom.[250][251] After the service, "suitable festivities and entertainments" often follow, as well as a visit to the graveyard or cemetery, where flowers and candles are often placed in preparation for All Hallows' Day.[252][253] In England, Light Parties are organized by churches after worship services on Halloween with the focus on Jesus as the Light of the World.[254] In Finland, because so many people visit the cemeteries on All Hallows' Eve to light votive candles there, they "are known as valomeri, or seas of light".[255] Halloween Scripture Candy with gospel tract Today, Christian attitudes towards Halloween are diverse. In the Anglican Church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize the Christian traditions associated with All Hallow's Eve.[256][257] Some of these practices include praying, fasting and attending worship services.[1][4][5] O LORD our God, increase, we pray thee, and multiply upon us the gifts of thy grace: that we, who do prevent the glorious festival of all thy Saints, may of thee be enabled joyfully to follow them in all virtuous and godly living. Through Jesus Christ, Our Lord, who liveth and reigneth with thee, in the unity of the Holy Ghost, ever one God, world without end. Amen. —Collect of the Vigil of All Saints, The Anglican Breviary[258] Votive candles in the Halloween section of Walmart Other Protestant Christians also celebrate All Hallows' Eve as Reformation Day, a day to remember the Protestant Reformation, alongside All Hallow's Eve or independently from it.[259] This is because Martin Luther is said to have nailed his Ninety-five Theses to All Saints' Church in Wittenberg on All Hallows' Eve.[260] Often, "Harvest Festivals" or "Reformation Festivals" are held on All Hallows' Eve, in which children dress up as Bible characters or Reformers.[261] In addition to distributing candy to children who are trick-or-treating on Hallowe'en, many Christians also provide gospel tracts to them. One organization, the American Tract Society, stated that around 3 million gospel tracts are ordered from them alone for Hallowe'en celebrations.[262] Others order Halloween-themed Scripture Candy to pass out to children on this day.[263][264] Belizean children dressed up as Biblical figures and Christian saints Some Christians feel concerned about the modern celebration of Halloween because they feel it trivializes – or celebrates – paganism, the occult, or other practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with their beliefs.[265] Father Gabriele Amorth, an exorcist in Rome, has said, "if English and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that is not a problem. If it is just a game, there is no harm in that."[266] In more recent years, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston has organized a "Saint Fest" on Halloween.[267] Similarly, many contemporary Protestant churches view Halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in their churches where children and their parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free. To these Christians, Halloween holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children: being taught about death and mortality, and the ways of the Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of their parishioners' heritage.[268] Christian minister Sam Portaro wrote that Halloween is about using "humor and ridicule to confront the power of death".[269] In the Roman Catholic Church, Halloween's Christian connection is acknowledged, and Halloween celebrations are common in many Catholic parochial schools, such as in the United States,[270][271] while schools throughout Ireland also close for the Halloween break.[272][273] Many fundamentalist and evangelical churches use "Hell houses" and comic-style tracts in order to make use of Halloween's popularity as an opportunity for evangelism.[274] Others consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Christian faith due to its putative origins in the Festival of the Dead celebration.[275] Indeed, even though Eastern Orthodox Christians observe All Hallows' Day on the First Sunday after Pentecost, the Eastern Orthodox Church recommends the observance of Vespers or a Paraklesis on the Western observance of All Hallows' Eve, out of the pastoral need to provide an alternative to popular celebrations.[276] Analogous celebrations and perspectives Judaism Main article: Jews and Halloween According to Alfred J. Kolatch in the Second Jewish Book of Why, in Judaism, Halloween is not permitted by Jewish Halakha because it violates Leviticus 18:3, which forbids Jews from partaking in gentile customs. Many Jews observe Yizkor communally four times a year, which is vaguely similar to the observance of Allhallowtide in Christianity, in the sense that prayers are said for both "martyrs and for one's own family".[277] Nevertheless, many American Jews celebrate Halloween, disconnected from its Christian origins.[278] Reform Rabbi Jeffrey Goldwasser has said that "There is no religious reason why contemporary Jews should not celebrate Halloween" while Orthodox Rabbi Michael Broyde has argued against Jews' observing the holiday.[279] Purim has sometimes been compared to Halloween, in part due to some observants wearing costumes, especially of Biblical figures described in the Purim narrative.[280] Islam Sheikh Idris Palmer, author of A Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam, has ruled that Muslims should not participate in Halloween, stating that "participation in Halloween is worse than participation in Christmas, Easter, ... it is more sinful than congratulating the Christians for their prostration to the crucifix".[281] It has also been ruled to be haram by the National Fatwa Council of Malaysia because of its alleged pagan roots stating "Halloween is celebrated using a humorous theme mixed with horror to entertain and resist the spirit of death that influence humans".[282][283] Dar Al-Ifta Al-Missriyyah disagrees provided the celebration is not referred to as an 'eid' and that behaviour remains in line with Islamic principles.[284] Hinduism Hindus remember the dead during the festival of Pitru Paksha, during which Hindus pay homage to and perform a ceremony "to keep the souls of their ancestors at rest". It is celebrated in the Hindu month of Bhadrapada, usually in mid-September.[285] The celebration of the Hindu festival Diwali sometimes conflicts with the date of Halloween; but some Hindus choose to participate in the popular customs of Halloween.[286] Other Hindus, such as Soumya Dasgupta, have opposed the celebration on the grounds that Western holidays like Halloween have "begun to adversely affect our indigenous festivals".[287] Neopaganism There is no consistent rule or view on Halloween amongst those who describe themselves as Neopagans or Wiccans. Some Neopagans do not observe Halloween, but instead observe Samhain on 1 November,[288] some neopagans do enjoy Halloween festivities, stating that one can observe both "the solemnity of Samhain in addition to the fun of Halloween". Some neopagans are opposed to the celebration of Hallowe'en, stating that it "trivializes Samhain",[289] and "avoid Halloween, because of the interruptions from trick or treaters".[290] The Manitoban writes that "Wiccans don't officially celebrate Halloween, despite the fact that 31 Oct. will still have a star beside it in any good Wiccan's day planner. Starting at sundown, Wiccans celebrate a holiday known as Samhain. Samhain actually comes from old Celtic traditions and is not exclusive to Neopagan religions like Wicca. While the traditions of this holiday originate in Celtic countries, modern day Wiccans don't try to historically replicate Samhain celebrations. Some traditional Samhain rituals are still practised, but at its core, the period is treated as a time to celebrate darkness and the dead – a possible reason why Samhain can be confused with Halloween celebrations."[288] Geography Main article: Geography of Halloween Halloween display in Kobe, Japan The traditions and importance of Halloween vary greatly among countries that observe it. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going "guising", holding parties, while other practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays.[173][291][292] In Brittany children would play practical jokes by setting candles inside skulls in graveyards to frighten visitors.[293] Mass transatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebration in the United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how the event is observed in other nations.[173] This larger North American influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as Brazil, Ecuador, Chile,[294] Australia,[295] New Zealand,[296] (most) continental Europe, Finland,[297] Japan, and other parts of East Asia.[16] Cost According to the National Retail Federation, Americans are expected to spend $12.2 billion on Halloween in 2023, up from $10.6 billion in 2022. Of this amount, $3.9 billion is projected to be spent on home decorations, up from $2.7 billion in 2019. The popularity of Halloween decorations has been growing in recent years, with retailers offering a wider range of increasingly elaborate and oversized decorations.[298] See also icon Christianity portal icon Holidays portal Bibliography of Halloween Campfire story Devil's Night Dziady Ghost Festival Naraka Chaturdashi Kekri List of fiction works about Halloween List of films set around Halloween List of Halloween television specials Martinisingen Neewollah Skelly (Halloween decoration) St. John's Eve Walpurgis Night Will-o'-the-wisp English festivals References "BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows' Eve". British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011. It is widely believed that many Hallowe'en traditions have evolved from an ancient Celtic festival called Samhain which was Christianised by the early Church.... All Hallows' Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows' Day, also known as All Saints' Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows' Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. The name derives from the Old English 'hallowed' meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word Hallowe'en. ...However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe'en, as the eve of All Saints' Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain ... "Halloween". Anglican Diocese of Worcester. 20 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2023. the word Halloween means 'holy evening' and comes from All Hallow's Eve? Traditionally it is the fast day before the feast days of All Saints (1 Nov) and All Souls (2 Nov) which are opportunities to celebrate the saints and remember those who have departed this life. Hughes, Rebekkah (29 October 2014). "Happy Hallowe'en Surrey!" (PDF). The Stag. University of Surrey. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015. Halloween or Hallowe'en, is the yearly celebration on October 31st that signifies the first day of Allhallowtide, being the time to remember the dead, including martyrs, saints and all faithful departed Christians. "Service for All Hallows' Eve". The Book of Occasional Services 2003. Church Publishing, Inc. 2004. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-89869-409-3. This service may be used on the evening of October 31, known as All Hallows' Eve. Suitable festivities and entertainments may take place before or after this service, and a visit may be made to a cemetery or burial place. Anne E. Kitch (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Church Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8192-2565-8. Archived from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011. All Hallow's Eve, which later became known as Halloween, is celebrated on the night before All Saints' Day, November 1. Use this simple prayer service in conjunction with Halloween festivities to mark the Christian roots of this festival. The Paulist Liturgy Planning Guide. Paulist Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-8091-4414-3. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Rather than compete, liturgy planners would do well to consider ways of including children in the celebration of these vigil Masses. For example, children might be encouraged to wear Halloween costumes representing their patron saint or their favorite saint, clearly adding a new level of meaning to the Halloween celebrations and the celebration of All Saints' Day. Lindsay, Sandy (30 October 2023). "Hallowe'en is a spooktacular event for the Goodfellows". Saugeen Times. Retrieved 25 November 2023. Max, Christina (26 October 2023). "Local haunted houses to explore this Hallowe'en". The Wetaskiwin Times. Retrieved 25 November 2023. Palmer, Abram Smythe (1882). Folk-etymology. Johnson Reprint. p. 6. Elwell, Walter A. (2001). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Baker Academic. p. 533. ISBN 978-0-8010-2075-9. Halloween (All Hallows Eve). The name given to October 31, the eve of the Christian festival of All Saints Day (November 1). "NEDCO Producers' Guide". 31–33. Northeast Dairy Cooperative Federation. 1973. Originally celebrated as the night before All Saints' Day, Christians chose November first to honor their many saints. The night before was called All Saints' Eve or hallowed eve meaning holy evening. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) "Tudor Hallowtide". National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty. 2012. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Hallowtide covers the three days – 31 October (All-Hallows Eve or Hallowe'en), 1 November (All Saints) and 2 November (All Souls). Davis, Kenneth C. (29 December 2009). Don't Know Much About Mythology: Everything You Need to Know About the Greatest Stories in Human History but Never Learned. HarperCollins. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-06-192575-7. "All Faithful Departed, Commemoration of". Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022. "The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (All Souls' Day) - November 02, 2021 - Liturgical Calendar". Catholic Culture. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022. Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, p. 164. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8 Smith, Bonnie G. (2004). Women's History in Global Perspective. University of Illinois Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-252-02931-8. Retrieved 14 December 2015. The pre-Christian observance obviously influenced the Christian celebration of All Hallows' Eve, just as the Taoist festival affected the newer Buddhist Ullambana festival. Although the Christian version of All Saints' and All Souls' Days came to emphasize prayers for the dead, visits to graves, and the role of the living assuring the safe passage to heaven of their departed loved ones, older notions never disappeared. Nicholas Rogers (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516896-9. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Halloween and the Day of the Dead share a common origin in the Christian commemoration of the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day. But both are thought to embody strong pre-Christian beliefs. In the case of Halloween, the Celtic celebration of Samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new-age enthusiasts and the evangelical Right. Austrian information. 1965. Retrieved 31 October 2011. The feasts of Hallowe'en, or All Hallows Eve and the devotions to the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day are both mixtures of old Celtic, Druid and other pagan customs intertwined with Christian practice. Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. 1999. p. 408. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Halloween, also called All Hallows' Eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints' Day. The Irish pre-Christian observances influenced the Christian festival of All Hallows' Eve, celebrated on the same date. Roberts, Brian K. (1987). The Making of the English Village: A Study in Historical Geography. Longman Scientific & Technical. ISBN 978-0-582-30143-6. Retrieved 14 December 2015. Time out of time', when the barriers between this world and the next were down, the dead returned from the grave, and gods and strangers from the underworld walked abroad was a twice- yearly reality, on dates Christianised as All Hallows' Eve and All Hallows' Day. O’Donnell, Hugh; Foley, Malcolm (18 December 2008). Treat or Trick? Halloween in a Globalising World. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-1-4438-0265-9. Hutton (1996, 363) identifies Rhys as a key figure who, along with another Oxbridge academic, James Frazer, romanticised the notion of Samhain and exaggerated its influence on Halloween. Hutton argues that Rhys had no substantiated documentary evidence for claiming that Halloween was the Celtic new year, but inferred it from contemporary folklore in Wales and Ireland. Moreover, he argues that Rhys: "thought that [he] was vindicated when he paid a subsequent visit to the Isle of Man and found its people sometimes called 31 October New Year's Night (Hog-unnaa) and practised customs which were usually associated with 31 December. In fact the flimsy nature of all this evidence ought to have been apparent from the start. The divinatory and purificatory rituals on 31 October could be explained by a connection to the most eerie of Christian feasts (All Saints) or by the fact that they ushered in the most dreaded of seasons. The many "Hog-unnaa" customs were also widely practised on the conventional New Year's Eve, and Rhys was uncomfortably aware that they might simply have been transferred, in recent years, from then Hallowe'en, to increase merriment and fundraising on the latter. He got round this problem by asserting that in his opinion (based upon no evidence at all) the transfer had been the other way round." ... Hutton points out that Rhy's unsubstantiated notions were further popularised by Frazer who used them to support an idea of his own, that Samhain, as well as being the origin of Halloween, had also been a pagan Celtic feast of the dead—a notion used to account for the element of ghosts, witches and other unworldly spirits commonly featured within Halloween. ... Halloween's preoccupation with the netherworld and with the supernatural owes more to the Christian festival of All Saints or All Souls, rather than vice versa. Barr, Beth Allison (28 October 2016). "Guess what? Halloween is more Christian than Pagan". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2020. It is the medieval Christian festivals of All Saints' and All Souls' that provide our firmest foundation for Halloween. From emphasizing dead souls (both good and evil), to decorating skeletons, lighting candles for processions, building bonfires to ward off evil spirits, organizing community feasts, and even encouraging carnival practices like costumes, the medieval and early modern traditions of "Hallowtide" fit well with our modern holiday. So what does this all mean? It means that when we celebrate Halloween, we are definitely participating in a tradition with deep historical roots. But, while those roots are firmly situated in the medieval Christian past, their historical connection to "paganism" is rather more tenuous. Moser, Stefan (29 October 2010). "Kein 'Trick or Treat' bei Salzburgs Kelten" (in German). Salzburger Nachrichten. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2017. Die Kelten haben gar nichts mit Halloween zu tun", entkräftet Stefan Moser, Direktor des Keltenmuseums Hallein, einen weit verbreiteten Mythos. Moser sieht die Ursprünge von Halloween insgesamt in einem christlichen Brauch, nicht in einem keltischen. Döring, Alois; Bolinius, Erich (31 October 2006), Samhain – Halloween – Allerheiligen (in German), FDP Emden, Die lückenhaften religionsgeschichtlichen Überlieferungen, die auf die Neuzeit begrenzte historische Dimension der Halloween-Kultausprägung, vor allem auch die Halloween-Metaphorik legen nahe, daß wir umdenken müssen: Halloween geht nicht auf das heidnische Samhain zurück, sondern steht in Bezug zum christlichen Totengedenkfest Allerheiligen/ Allerseelen. Hörandner, Editha (2005). Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 8, 12, 30. ISBN 978-3-8258-8889-3. Der Wunsch nach einer Tradition, deren Anfänge sich in grauer Vorzeit verlieren, ist bei Dachleuten wie laien gleichmäßig verbreitet. ... Abgesehen von Irrtümern wie die Herleitung des Fests in ungebrochener Tradition ("seit 2000 Jahren") ist eine mangelnde vertrautheit mit der heimischen Folklore festzustellen. Allerheiligen war lange vor der Halloween invasion ein wichtiger Brauchtermin und ist das ncoh heute. ... So wie viele heimische Bräuche generell als fruchtbarkeitsbringend und dämonenaustreibend interpretiert werden, was trottz aller Aufklärungsarbeit nicht auszurotten ist, begegnet uns Halloween als ...heidnisches Fest. Aber es wird nicht als solches inszeniert. Döring, Volkskundler Alois (2011). "Süßes, Saures – olle Kamellen? Ist Halloween schon wieder out?" (in German). Westdeutscher Rundfunk. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2015. Dr. Alois Döring ist wissenschaftlicher Referent für Volkskunde beim LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Bonn. Er schrieb zahlreiche Bücher über Bräuche im Rheinland, darunter das Nachschlagewerk "Rheinische Bräuche durch das Jahr". Darin widerspricht Döring der These, Halloween sei ursprünglich ein keltisch-heidnisches Totenfest. Vielmehr stamme Halloween von den britischen Inseln, der Begriff leite sich ab von "All Hallows eve", Abend vor Allerheiligen. Irische Einwanderer hätten das Fest nach Amerika gebracht, so Döring, von wo aus es als "amerikanischer" Brauch nach Europa zurückkehrte. "All Hallows' Eve". British Broadcasting Corporation. 20 October 2011. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2020. However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe'en, as the eve of All Saints' Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain and some question the existence of a specific pan-Celtic religious festival which took place on 31st October/1st November. Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 49–50. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. Brunvand, Jan (editor). American Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2006. p.749 Colavito, Jason. Knowing Fear: Science, Knowledge and the Development of the Horror Genre. McFarland, 2007. pp.151–152 Paul Fieldhouse (17 April 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4. Skog, Jason (2008). Teens in Finland. Capstone. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7565-3405-9. Most funerals are Lutheran, and nearly 98 percent of all funerals take place in a church. It is customary to take pictures of funerals or even videotape them. To Finns, death is a part of the cycle of life, and a funeral is another special occasion worth remembering. In fact, during All Hallow's Eve and Christmas Eve, cemeteries are known as valomeri, or seas of light. Finns visit cemeteries and light candles in remembrance of the deceased. "All Hallows Eve Service" (PDF). Duke University. 31 October 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2014. About All Hallows Eve: Tonight is the eve of All Saints Day, the festival in the Church that recalls the faith and witness of the men and women who have come before us. The service celebrates our continuing communion with them, and memorializes the recently deceased. The early church followed the Jewish custom that a new day began at sundown; thus, feasts and festivals in the church were observed beginning the night before. "The Christian Observances of Halloween". National Republic. 15: 33. 5 May 2009. Among the European nations the beautiful custom of lighting candles for the dead was always a part of the "All Hallow's Eve" festival. Hynes, Mary Ellen (1993). Companion to the Calendar. Liturgy Training Publications. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-56854-011-5. In most of Europe, Halloween is strictly a religious event. Sometimes in North America the church's traditions are lost or confused. Kernan, Joe (30 October 2013). "Not so spooky after all: The roots of Halloween are tamer than you think". Cranston Herald. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015. By the early 20th century, Halloween, like Christmas, was commercialized. Pre-made costumes, decorations and special candy all became available. The Christian origins of the holiday were downplayed. Braden, Donna R.; Village, Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield (1988). Leisure and entertainment in America. Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village. ISBN 978-0-933728-32-5. Retrieved 2 June 2014. Halloween, a holiday with religious origins but increasingly secularized as celebrated in America, came to assume major proportions as a children's festivity. Santino, p. 85 All Hallows' Eve (Diana Swift), Anglican Journal Mahon, Bríd (1991). Land of Milk and Honey: The Story of Traditional Irish Food & Drink. Poolbeg Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-85371-142-8. The vigil of the feast is Halloween, the night when charms and incantations were powerful, when people looked into the future, and when feasting and merriment were ordained. Up to recent time this was a day of abstinence, when according to church ruling no flesh meat was allowed. Colcannon, apple cake and barm brack, as well as apples and nuts were part of the festive fare. Fieldhouse, Paul (17 April 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017. In Ireland, dishes based on potatoes and other vegetables were associated with Halloween, as meat was forbidden during the Catholic vigil and fast leading up to All Saint's Day. Luck, Steve (1998). "All Saints' Day". The American Desk Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-19-521465-9. "DOST: Hallow Evin". Dsl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2013. The A to Z of Anglicanism (Colin Buchanan), Scarecrow Press, p. 8 "All Hallows' Eve". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. ealra halgena mæsseæfen (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) "Halloween". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) Thomson, Thomas; Annandale, Charles (1896). A History of the Scottish People from the Earliest Times: From the Union of the kingdoms, 1706, to the present time. Blackie. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Of the stated rustic festivals peculiar to Scotland the most important was Hallowe'en, a contraction for All-hallow Evening, or the evening of All-Saints Day, the annual return of which was a season for joy and festivity. "E'EN, Een". Scottish National Dictionary (1700–). Vol. III =. 1952. snd8629. Hopwood, James A. (2019). Keeping Christmas: Finding Joy in a Season of Excess and Strife. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-5326-9537-7. The name "Halloween," of course, is a contraction of "All Hallow's Eve." That's the eve of All Saints Day, or All Hallows Day, as it was popularly known in Britain. As with Christmas Eve and the Easter vigil, the celebration of All Saints Day began with a service the night before, on All Hallow's Eve. With All Souls Day on November 2, it formed the feast of Allhallowtide. All Saints Day began in fourth-century Rome as a festival honoring Christian martyrs. By the eighth century, it was expanded to all those remembered as saints, and the date of its observance was moved from May 13 to November 1. That move, of course, put it smack dab on top of Samhain in Britain. But the decision to move the date was not made in Britain; it was made in Rome, where there was no Samhain or anything like it. There is no evidence that any Samhain customs rubbed off on Halloween anywhere because there is no evidence of any Samhain customs at all. Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 22, 27. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. New Proclamation Commentary on Feasts, Holy Days, and Other Celebrations (Bill Doggett, Gordon W. Lathrop), Fortress Press, p. 92 Benham, William (1887). The Dictionary of Religion: An Encyclopedia of Christian and Other Religious Doctrines, Denominations, Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Terms, History, Biography, Etc. Cassell. p. 1085. Vigils were kept at least till midnight before the feasts of martyrs, and those of Easter Eve and Christmas Eve were prolonged till cock-crow. Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints. Church Publishing, Inc. 2010. p. 662. ISBN 978-0-89869-678-3. Saunders, William. "All Saints and All Souls". Catholic Education Resource Center. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016. Melton, J Gordon (editor). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO, 2011. p.22 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "All Saints, Festival of" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. "All Saints' Day", The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd edition, ed. E. A. Livingstone. Oxford University Press, 1997. pp.41–42 McClendon, Charles. "Old Saint Peter's and the Iconoclastic Controversy", in Old Saint Peter's, Rome. Cambridge University Press, 2013. pp. 215–216. Quote: "Soon after his election in 731, Gregory III summoned a synod to gather on 1 November in the basilica of Saint Peter's in order to respond to the policy of iconoclasm that he believed was being promoted by the Byzantine Emperor [...] Six months later, in April of the following year, 732, the pope assembled another synod in the basilica to consecrate a new oratory dedicated to the Saviour, the Virgin Mary, and all the saints". Ó Carragáin, Éamonn. Ritual and the Rood: Liturgical Images and the Old English Poems of the Dream of the Rood Tradition. University of Toronto Press, 2005. p. 258. Quote: "Gregory III began his reign with a synod in St Peter's (1 November 731) which formally condemned iconoclasm [...] on the Sunday before Easter, 12 April 732, Gregory convoked yet another synod [...] and at the synod inaugurated an oratory [...] Dedicated to all saints, this oratory was designed to hold 'relics of the holy apostles and all the holy martyrs and confessors'". Farmer, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (Fifth Edition, Revised). Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 14 Hutton, p. 364 New Catholic Encyclopedia (Second ed.). 2003. pp. 242–243. ISBN 0-7876-4004-2. MacCulloch, John Arnott (1911). The Religion of the Ancient Celts. Chapter 10: The Cult of the Dead Archived 29 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Burns, Paul (editor). Butler's Saint for the Day. Liturgical Press, 2007. p. 516 Ramdin, Ron. Arising from Bondage: A History of the Indo-Caribbean People. New York University Press, p. 241 The World Review – Volume 4, University of Minnesota, p. 255 Rogers, Nicholas (2001). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–30. ISBN 978-0-19-514691-2. "Halloween". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012. Hutton, pp. 374–375 Miles, Clement A. (1912). Christmas in Ritual and Tradition. Chapter 7: All Hallow Tide to Martinmas Archived 4 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Mary Mapes Dodge, ed. (1883). St. Nicholas Magazine. Scribner & Company. p. 93. 'Soul-cakes,' which the rich gave to the poor at the Halloween season, in return for which the recipients prayed for the souls of the givers and their friends. And this custom became so favored in popular esteem that, for a long time, it was a regular observance in the country towns of England for small companies to go from parish to parish, begging soul-cakes by singing under the windows some such verse as this: 'Soul, souls, for a soul-cake; Pray you good mistress, a soul-cake!' DeMello, Margo (2012). A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face. ABC-CLIO. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-59884-617-1. Trick-or-treating began as souling an English and Irish tradition in which the poor, wearing masks, would go door to door and beg for soul cakes in exchange for people's dead relatives. Cleene, Marcel. Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe. Man & Culture, 2002. p. 108. Quote: "Soul cakes were small cakes baked as food for the deceased or offered for the salvation of their souls. They were therefore offered at funerals and feasts of the dead, laid on graves, or given to the poor as representatives of the dead. The baking of these soul cakes is a universal practice". Levene, Alysa (2016). Cake: A Slice of History. Pegasus Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-68177-108-3. Like the perennial favourites, hot cross buns; they were often marked with a cross to indicate that they were baked as alms. The Two Gentlemen of Verona Act 2, Scene 1. Pulliam, June; Fonseca, Anthony J. (2016). Ghosts in Popular Culture and Legend. ABC-CLIO. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4408-3491-2. Since the 16th century, costumes have become a central part of Halloween traditions. Perhaps the most common traditional Halloween costume is that of the ghost. This is likely because ... when Halloween customs began to be influenced by Catholicism, the incorporation of the themes of All Hallows' and All Souls' Day would have emphasized visitations from the spirit world over the motifs of spirits and fairies. ... The baking and sharing of souls cakes was introduced around the 15th century: in some cultures, the poor would go door to door to collect them in exchange for praying for the dead (a practice called souling), often carrying lanterns made of hollowed-out turnips. Around the 16th century, the practice of going house to house in disguise (a practice called guising) to ask for food began and was often accompanied by recitation of traditional verses (a practice called mumming). Wearing costumes, another tradition, has many possible explanations, such as it was done to confuse the spirits or souls who visited the earth or who rose from local graveyards to engage in what was called a Danse Macabre, basically a large party among the dead. Rogers, p. 57 Carter, Albert Howard; Petro, Jane Arbuckle (1998). Rising from the Flames: The Experience of the Severely Burned. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8122-1517-5. Halloween, incorporated into the Christian year as the eve of All Saints Day, marked the return of the souls of the departed and the release of devils who could move freely on that night. Fires lit on that night served to prevent the influence of such spirits and to provide omens for the future. Modern children go from house to house at Halloween with flashlights powered by electric batteries, while jack o'lanterns (perhaps with an actual candle, but often with a lightbulb) glow from windows and porches. Guiley, Rosemary (2008). The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca. Infobase Publishing. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-4381-2684-5. According to most legends, the jack-o'-lantern is a wandering soul who has been denied entry into both heaven and hell. ... In Ireland, children who are caught outdoors after dark are told to wear their jackets inside-out in order not to be lured astray by a jack-o'-lantern. In Sweden, the spirit is believed to be the soul of an unbaptized child, who tries to lead travelers to water in hopes of receiving baptism. ... In American lore, the jack-o'-lantern is associated with withces and the Halloween custom of trick-or-treating. It is customary for trick-or-treaters to carry pumpkin jack-o'-lanterns to frighten away evil spirits. Santino, The Hallowed Eve, p. 95 Frazer, James George (1922). The Golden Bough: A new abridgement. Oxford University Press, 1998. pp.380–383 Ruth Hutchison and Ruth Constance Adams (1951). Every Day's a Holiday. Harper, 1951. pp.236 Morton, Lisa (15 September 2013). Trick or Treat: A History of Halloween. Reaktion Books. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-78023-055-9. Prince Sorie Conteh (2009). Traditionalists, Muslims, and Christians in Africa: Interreligious Encounters and Dialogue. Cambria Press. ISBN 978-1-60497-596-3. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Bannatyne, Lesley (1998). Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing Company. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4556-0553-8. Villagers were also encouraged to masquerade on this day, not to frighten unwelcome spirits, but to honor Christian saints. On All Saints' Day, churches throughout Europe and the British Isles displayed relics of their patron saints. Poor churches could not afford genuine relics and instead had processions in which parishioners dressed as saints, angels and devils. It served the new church by giving an acceptable Christian basis to the custom of dressing up on Halloween. Morrow, Ed (2001). The Halloween Handbook. Kensington Publishing Corporation. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8065-2227-2. Another contributor to the custom of dressing up at Halloween was the old Irish practice of marking All Hallows' Day with religious pageants that recounted biblical events. These were common during the Middle Ages all across Europe. The featured players dressed as saints and angels, but there were also plenty of roles for demons who had more fun, capering, acting devilish, and playing to the crows. The pageant began inside the church, then moved by procession to the churchyard, where it continued long into the night. "Eve of All Saints", Using Common Worship: Times and Seasons – All Saints to Candlemas (David Kennedy), Church House Publishing, p. 42 Bannatyne, Lesley. Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing, 1998. p. 9 Perry, Edward Baxter. Descriptive Analyses of Piano Works; For the Use of Teachers, Players, and Music Clubs. Theodore Presser Company, 1902. p. 276 Allmand, Christopher (1998). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 7, c. 1415–c. 1500. Cambridge University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-521-38296-0. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2015. Reimer, Margaret Loewen (2018). Approaching the Divine: Signs and Symbols of the Christian Faith. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-5326-5675-0. Christians in Europe envisioned a danse macabre, a hideous dance by the spirits of the dead who arose from the churchyards for a wild carnival each year. This dance, commonly depicted on the walls of cathedrals, monasteries and cemeteries, may well be the origin of the macabre costumes we don on Halloween. DeSpelder, Lynne Ann; Strickland, Albert Lee (2009). The Last Dance: Encountering Death and Dying. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-07-340546-9. More subtly, images associated with the danse macabre persist in the form of skeletons and other scary regalia found on children's Halloween costumes. Books & Culture: A Christian Review. Christianity Today. 1999. p. 12. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Sometimes enacted as at village pageants, the danse macabre was also performed as court masques, the courtiers dressing up as corpses from various strata of society...both the name and the observance began liturgically as All Hallows' Eve. Hutton, p. 372 Santino, Jack (21 October 2021). The Hallowed Eve: Dimensions of Culture in a Calendar Festival in Northern Ireland. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-8458-6. The Episcopal Church, its teaching and worship (Latta Griswold), E.S. Gorham, p. 110 Mosteller, Angie (2 July 2014). Christian Origins of Halloween. Rose Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59636-535-3. In Protestant regions souling remained an important occasion for soliciting food and money from rich neighbors in preparation for the coming cold and dark months. Aston, Margaret. Broken Idols of the English Reformation. Cambridge University Press, 2015. pp.475–477 Medieval Celebrations: Your Guide to Planning and Hosting Spectacular Feasts, Parties, Weddings, and Renaissance Fairs (Daniel Diehl, Mark Donnelly), Stackpole Books, p. 17 Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 37–38. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. Hutton, Ronald (2001). Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. pp. 369, 373. ISBN 978-0-19-157842-7. Fires were indeed lit in England on All Saints' Day, notably in Lancashire, and may well ultimately have descended from the same rites, but were essentially party of a Christian ceremony ... families still assembled at the midnight before All Saints' Day in the early nineteenth century. Each did so on a hill near its homestead, one person holding a large bunch of burning straw on the end of a fork. The rest in a circle around and prayed for the souls of relatives and friends until the flames burned out. The author who recorded this custom added that it gradually died out in the latter part of the century, but that before it had been very common and at nearby Whittingham such fires could be seen all around the horizon at Hallowe'en. He went on to say that the name 'Purgatory Field', found across northern Lancashire, testified to an even wider distribution and that the rite itself was called 'Teen'lay'. O'Donnell, Hugh and Foley, Malcolm. "Treat or Trick? Halloween in a Globalising World" Archived 31 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2008. p.35 The Catholic World, Vol. 138: A Monthly Magazine of General Literature and Science. Vol. 138. Paulist Press. 1934. There is proof that this shifting of customs from one day to another really took place. For until the end of the eighteenth century, children in some Derbyshire parishes, instead of lighting bonfires with the rest of England on November 5th, lit their furze fires called 'tindles' on All Souls night. And even then, the educated folk of the districts concerned, declared that these fires were a relic of papistical days when they were lit at night to guide the poor souls back to earth. Morton, Lisa. The Halloween Encyclopedia. McFarland, 2003. p. 9 Fieldhouse, Paul (17 April 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4. Richard Ford (1855). A Handbook for Travellers in Spain. John Murray. p. 208. Boenig, Robert. Anglo-Saxon Spirituality: Selected Writings. Paulist Press, 2000. p. 7 Santino, Jack. The Hallowed Eve: Dimensions of Culture in a Calendar Festival of Northern Ireland. University Press of Kentucky, 1998. p. 95 Rogers, Nicholas. "Samhain and the Celtic Origins of Halloween". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 11–21. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. "How Halloween Traditions Are Rooted in the Ancient Pagan Festival of Samhain". Time. 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Gunnell and Co., p. 544 Santino, Jack. All Around the Year: Holidays and Celebrations in American Life. University of Illinois Press, 1995. p.153 Morton, Lisa (2003). The Halloween Encyclopedia. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1524-3. Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 74. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. "Is Halloween celebrated in Asia?". Asia Media Centre | New Zealand. 29 October 2020. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022. The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca, Infobase Publishing, p. 183 Dante's "Commedia" and the Poetics of Christian Catabasis (Lee Foust), ProQuest, p. 15 The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits (Rosemary Guiley), Guinness World Records Limited, p. 178 Encyclopedia of Death and Dying (Glennys Howarth, Oliver Leaman), Taylor & Francis, p. 320 The Oxford companion to American food and drink p. 269. Oxford University Press, 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2011 Leslie, Frank (5 February 2009). Frank Leslie's popular monthly, Volume 40, November 1895, pp. 540–543. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011. Nathaniel Hawthorne, "The Great Carbuncle", in Twice-Told Tales, 1837: Hide it [the great carbuncle] under thy cloak, say'st thou? Why, it will gleam through the holes, and make thee look like a jack-o'-lantern! As late as 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o'-lantern as part of the festivities. "The Day We Celebrate: Thanksgiving Treated Gastronomically and Socially" Archived 5 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 24 November 1895, p. 27. "Odd Ornaments for Table" Archived 5 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 21 October 1900, p. 12. The Rhetoric of Vision: Essays on Charles Williams (Charles Adolph Huttar, Peter J. Schakel), Bucknell University Press, p. 155 Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Halloween Goes to Hollywood". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 103–124. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. A Handbook of Symbols in Christian Art (Gertrude Grace Sill), Simon & Schuster, p. 64 In flagrante collecto (Marilynn Gelfman Karp), Abrams, p. 299 School Year, Church Year (Peter Mazar), Liturgy Training Publications, p. 115 Mayne, John. "Halloween". PoetryExplorer. Archived from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022. Thomas Crawford Burns: a study of the poems and songs Crawford, Thomas (1960). Burns: A Study of the Poems and Songs. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0055-9. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2018. Stanford University Press, 1960 Simpson, Jacqueline "All Saints' Day" in Encyclopedia of Death and Dying, Howarth, G. and Leeman, O. (2001) London Routledge ISBN 0-415-18825-3, p. 14 "Halloween is closely associated in folklore with death and the supernatural". Herberholz, Donald; Herberholz, Barbara (1990). Artworks for Elementary Teachers: Developing Artistic and Perceptual Awareness. W.C. Brown. p. 16. Faces Around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face (Margo DeMello), ABC-CLIO, p. 225 A Student's Guide to A2 Performance Studies for the OCR Specification (John Pymm), Rhinegold Publishing Ltd, p. 28 Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art, Volume 1 (Thomas Green), ABC-CLIO p. 566 Interacting communities: studies on some aspects of migration and urban ethnology (Zsuzsa Szarvas), Hungarian Ethnographic Society, p. 314 The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature (David Scott Kastan), Oxford University Press, p. 47 "Mumming Play", Encyclopædia Britannica Carmichael, Sherman (2012). Legends and Lore of South Carolina. The History Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-60949-748-4. The practice of dressing up and going door to door for treats dates back to the middle ages and the practice of souling. Hood, Karen Jean Matsko (1 January 2014). Halloween Delights. Whispering Pine Press International. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-59434-181-6. The tradition continued in some areas of northern England as late as the 1930s, with children going from door to door "souling" for cakes or money by singing a song. "Ten trick-or-treating facts for impressive bonfire chats". The Irish Times. 31 October 2014. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020. Scotland and Ireland started tricking: A few decades later a practice called 'guising' was in full swing in Scotland and Ireland. Short for 'disguising', children would go out from door to door dressed in costume and rather than pledging to pray, they would tell a joke, sing a song or perform another sort of "trick" in exchange for food or money. The expression trick or treat has only been used at front doors for the last 10 to 15 years. Before that "Help the Halloween Party" seems to have been the most popular phrase to holler. "Definition of "guising"". Collins English Dictionary. (in Scotland and N England) the practice or custom of disguising oneself in fancy dress, often with a mask, and visiting people's houses, esp at Halloween Rogers, Nicholas. (2002) "Coming Over:Halloween in North America". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. p. 76. Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-514691-3 Kelley, Ruth Edna. The Book of Hallowe'en, Boston: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Co., 1919, chapter 15, p. 127. "Hallowe'en in America" Archived 23 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Kelley, Ruth Edna. "Hallowe'en in America". Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Theo. E. Wright, "A Halloween Story", St. Nicholas, October 1915, p. 1144. Mae McGuire Telford, "What Shall We Do Halloween?" Ladies Home Journal, October 1920, p. 135. "'Trick or Treat' Is Demand", Herald (Lethbridge, Alberta), 4 November 1927, p. 5, dateline Blackie, Alberta, 3 November For examples, see the websites Postcard & Greeting Card Museum: Halloween Gallery Archived 24 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Antique Hallowe'en Postcards Archived 19 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Vintage Halloween Postcards Archived 23 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. "Halloween Pranks Keep Police on Hop", Oregon Journal (Portland, Oregon), 1 November 1934; and "The Gangsters of Tomorrow", The Helena Independent (Helena, Montana), 2 November 1934, p. 4. The Chicago Tribune also mentioned door-to-door begging in Aurora, Illinois, on Halloween in 1934, although not by the term 'trick-or-treating'. "Front Views and Profiles" (column), Chicago Tribune, 3 November 1934, p. 17. Moss, Doris Hudson. "A Victim of the Window-Soaping Brigade?" The American Home, November 1939, p. 48. Bluff Park (Heather Jones Skaggs), Arcadia Publishing, p. 117 "Trunk-or-Treat", The Chicago Tribune Suggested Themes for "Trunks" for Trunk or Treat (Dail R. Faircloth), First Baptist Church of Royal Palm Beach "Trunk or Treat focuses on fun, children's safety", Desert Valley Times "Trunk or Treat! Halloween Tailgating Grows" (Fernanda Santos), The New York Times Bradley, Michael (24 October 2018). "A very Derry Halloween: a carnival of frights, fireworks and parade". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2018. Miller, Marian (31 October 1932). "Halloween Jollity Within Reason Need". The Morning Oregonian. p. 8. Quote: "Trick or treat?" the youthful mischief-maker will say this evening, probably, as he rings the doorbell of a neighbor." School Year, Church Year (Peter Mazar), Liturgy Training Publications, p. 114 Memento Mori, Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Missouri Beauchemin, Genevieve; CTV.ca News Staff (31 May 2006). "UNICEF to end Halloween 'orange box' program". CTV. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2006. "History of the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF Campaign". UNICEF Canada. 2008. Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2009. Village Halloween Parade. "History of the Parade". Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014. Fadel, Leila (29 October 2019). "Cultural Appropriation, A Perennial Issue On Halloween". NPR. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2020. Escobar, Sam; Robin, Marci (5 October 2020). "15 Offensive Halloween Costumes That Shouldn't Exist". Good Housekeeping. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020. Park, Sumner (2 October 2020). "Pinterest is prohibiting culturally inappropriate Halloween costumes". Fox News. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020. Keshner, Andrew (17 October 2018). "Instagram-loving pets owners will spend nearly $500M on animal costumes this Halloween". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018. Diehl, Daniel; Donnelly, Mark P. (13 April 2011). Medieval Celebrations: Your Guide to Planning and Hosting Spectacular Feasts, Parties, Weddings, and Renaissance Fairs. Stackpole Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8117-4430-0. All Hallows' Eve. A time of spiritual unrest, when the souls of the dead, along with ghosts and evil spirits, were believed to walk the land. Church bells were run and fires lit to guide these souls on their way and deflect them from haunting honest Christian folk. Barns and homes were blessed to protect people and livestock from the effects of witches, who were believed to accompany the malignant spirits as they traveld the earth. Although a rare few continued to divine the future, cast spells, and tell ghost stories in rural communities, woe to anyone who was denounced to the church for engaging in such activities. These may seem like innocent fun today, but it was deadly serious stuff during the Middle Ages. MacLeod, Sharon. Celtic Myth and Religion. McFarland, 2011. pp. 61, 107 "Apple dookers make record attempt" Archived 28 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 2 October 2008 Danaher, Kevin. The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs. Mercier Press, 1972. pp. 202–205 Danaher (1972), p. 223 McNeill, F. Marian (1961, 1990) The Silver Bough, Volume III. William MacLellan, Glasgow ISBN 0-948474-04-1 pp. 11–46 Danaher (1972), p. 219 McNeill (1961), The Silver Bough, Volume III, pp. 33–34 McNeill (1961), The Silver Bough, Volume III, p. 34 Hollister, Helen (1917). "Halloween Frolics". Parlor Games for the Wise and Otherwise. Philadelphia: Penn Publishing Company. p. 98. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. "Vintage Halloween Cards". Vintage Holiday Crafts. 21 January 2008. Archived from the original on 29 September 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2009. "Preschool Halloween Fast Facts". Everything Preschool. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020. "Traditional Irish Halloween games try to marry off young girls". IrishCentral.com. 15 October 2018. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2020. "Halloween in Irish Folklore | Irish Archaeology". irisharchaeology.ie. 30 October 2015. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020. "Tricks and treats". Irish Examiner. 30 October 2010. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2020. "Clay". www.cliffsnotes.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020. Madden, Ed (31 October 2008). "Teaching Joyce". James Joyce Quarterly. 46 (1): 133. doi:10.1353/jjq.0.0133. ISSN 0021-4183. S2CID 201751292. Archived from the original on 3 June 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2020 – via Project MUSE. Attridge, Derek; Attridge, Professor of English Derek (16 March 2000). Joyce Effects: On Language, Theory, and History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77788-9 – via Google Books. McNeill (1961), The Silver Bough Volume III, p. 34 Day, Frances A. (30 May 2003). Latina and Latino Voices in Literature: Lives and Works, Updated and Expanded. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-313-05851-6. On October 31, All Hallows Eve, the children make a children's altar, to invite angelitos (spirits of dead children) to come back for a visit. November 1 is All Saints Day, and the adult spirits will come to visit. November 2 is All Souls Day, when the families go to the cemetery to decorate the graves and tombs of their relatives. Greg Ryan (17 September 2008). "A Model of Mayhem". Hudson Valley Magazine. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. 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The church encouraged an abstinence from meat, which created many vegetarian dishes. Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Razor in the Apple: Struggle for Safe and Sane Halloween, c. 1920–1990", Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 78–102. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8. "Urban Legends Reference Pages: Pins and Needles in Halloween Candy". Snopes.com. 2 November 2000. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2008. Nixon, Robin (27 October 2010). "Poisoned Halloween Candy: Trick, Treat or Myth?". LiveScience. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2011. "Top ten Irish Halloween traditions and memories you may share". Ireland Central. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018. "Spooky twist on classic Cadbury Creme Egg in time for Halloween". Derby Telegraph. Retrieved 25 August 2023. Crocker, B. (2012). Betty Crocker Halloween Cookbook. Betty Crocker Cooking. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-544-17814-4. Hood, K.J.M. (2014). Halloween Delights Cookbook: A Collection of Halloween Recipes. Cookbook Delights Holiday Series. Whispering Pine Press International, Incorporated. pp. 119–138. ISBN 978-1-59434-181-6. McCrum, Kirstie (14 October 2015). "Trick or treat? Halloween cakes look horrifying but are they devilishly tasty?". Irish Mirror. Retrieved 6 February 2016. Bannatyne, Lesley Pratt (1 August 1998). Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-56554-346-1. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2012. Polish Catholics taught their children to pray out loud as they walked through the woods so that the souls of the dead could hear them and be comforted. Priests in tiny Spanish villages still ring their church bells to remind parishioners to honor the dead on All Hallows Eve. Feasting and Fasting: Canada's Heritage Celebrations (Dorothy Duncan), Dundurn, p. 249 "BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows' Eve". British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011. All Hallows' Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows' Day, also known as All Saints' Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows' Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. Andrew James Harvey (31 October 2012). "'All Hallows' Eve'". The Patriot Post. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2011. "The vigil of the hallows" refers to the prayer service the evening before the celebration of All Hallows or Saints Day. Or "Halloween" for short – a fixture on the liturgical calendar of the Christian West since the seventh century. "Vigil of All Saints". Catholic News Agency. 31 October 2012. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2011. The Vigil is based on the monastic office of Vigils (or Matins), when the monks would arise in the middle of the night to pray. On major feast days, they would have an extended service of readings (scriptural, patristic, and from lives of the saints) in addition to chanting the psalms. This all would be done in the dark, of course, and was an opportunity to listen carefully to the Word of God as well as the words of the Church Fathers and great saints. The Vigil of All Saints is an adaptation of this ancient practice, using the canonical office of Compline at the end. "Night of Light Beginnings". Cor et Lumen Christi Community. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012. In its first year – 2000 AD – over 1000 people participated from several countries. This included special All Saints Vigil masses, extended periods of Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament and parties for children. In our second year 10,000 participated. Since these modest beginnings, the Night of Light has been adopted in many countries around the world with vast numbers involved each year from a Cathedral in India to a convent in New Zealand; from Churches in the US and Europe to Africa; in Schools, churches, homes and church halls all ages have got involved. Although it began in the Catholic Church it has been taken up by other Christians who while keeping its essentials have adapted it to suit their own traditions. "Here's to the Soulcakers going about their mysterious mummery". The Telegraph. 6 November 2010. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2012. One that has grown over the past decade is the so-called Night of Light, on All Hallows' Eve, October 31. It was invented in 2000, in leafy Chertsey, Surrey, when perhaps 1,000 people took part. Now it is a worldwide movement, popular in Africa and the United States. The heart of the Night of Light is an all-night vigil of prayer, but there is room for children's fun too: sweets, perhaps a bonfire and dressing up as St George or St Lucy. The minimum gesture is to put a lighted candle in the window, which is in itself too exciting for some proponents of health and safety. The inventor of the Night of Light is Damian Stayne, the founder of a year-round religious community called Cor et Lumen Christi – heart and light of Christ. This new movement is Catholic, orthodox and charismatic – emphasising the work of the Holy Spirit. Armentrout, Donald S.; Slocum, Robert Boak (1999). An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-89869-211-2. Archived from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2012. The BOS notes that "suitable festivities and entertainments" may precede of follow the service, and there may be a visit to a cemetery or burial place. Infeld, Joanna (1 December 2008). In-Formation. D & J Holdings LLC. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-9760512-4-4. Retrieved 1 November 2012. My folks are Polish and they celebrate Halloween in a different way. It is time to remember your dead and visit the cemetery and graves of your loved ones. Doward, Jamie (28 October 2017). "Halloween light parties put a Christian spin on haunted celebrations". The Guardian. Teens in Finland (Jason Skog), Capstone, p. 61 "Bishop Challenges Supermarkets to Lighten up Halloween". The Church of England. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2009. Christianity needs to make clear its positive message for young people. It's high time we reclaimed the Christian aspects of Halloween," says the Bishop, explaining the background to his letter. "Halloween and All Saints Day". newadvent.org. n.d. Archived from the original on 16 October 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006. The Anglican Breviary. Frank Gavin Liturgical Foundation. 1955. pp. 1514 (E494). Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2015. "Reformation Day: What, Why, and Resources for Worship". The General Board of Discipleship of The United Methodist Church. 21 October 2005. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2006. Halloween, Hallowed Is Thy Name (Smith), p. 29 Allen, Travis (2011). "Christians and Halloween". Church Publishing, Inc. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Other Christians will opt for Halloween alternatives called 'Harvest Festivals', 'Hallelujah Night' or 'Reformation Festivals' – the kids dress up as farmers, Bible characters, or Reformation heroes. Halloween tracts serve as tool to spread gospel to children (Curry), Baptist Press Woods, Robert (2013). Evangelical Christians and Popular Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-313-38654-1. Evangelicals have found opportunities with both Christmas and Easter to use Christian candy to re-inject religion into these traditionally Christian holidays and boldly reclaim them as their own. They have increasingly begun to use Halloween, the most candy-centric holiday, as an opportunity for evangelism. Contained in small packages featuring Bible verses, Scripture Candy's "Harvest Seeds" – candy corn in everything but name – are among many candies created for this purpose. D'Augostine, Lori (20 September 2013). "Suffer Not the Trick-or-Treaters". CBN. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013. Halloween: What's a Christian to Do? (1998) by Steve Russo. Gyles Brandreth, "The Devil is gaining ground" The Sunday Telegraph (London), 11 March 2000. "Salem 'Saint Fest' restores Christian message to Halloween". rcab.org. n.d. Archived from the original on 29 September 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006. "Feast of Samhain/Celtic New Year/Celebration of All Celtic Saints 1 November". All Saints Parish. n.d. Archived from the original on 20 November 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2006. Portaro, Sam (25 January 1998). A Companion to the Lesser Feasts and Fasts. Cowley Publications. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-4616-6051-4. All Saints' Day is the centerpiece of an autumn triduum. In the carnival celebrations of All Hallows' Eve our ancestors used the most powerful weapon in the human arsenal, the power of humor and ridicule to confront the power of death. The following day, in the commemoration of All Saints, we gave witness to the victory of incarnate goodness embodied in remarkable deeds and doers triumphing over the misanthropy of darkness and devils. And in the commemoration of All Souls we proclaimed the hope of common mortality expressed in our aspirations and expectations of a shared eternity. "Halloween's Christian Roots" AmericanCatholic.org. Retrieved 24 October 2007. Bucci, Rich (2016). "Catholic Elementary Schools to Celebrate Halloween with Costume Parades on Friday, October 28 & Monday, October 31". The Catholic Schools of Broome County. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018. "School holidays". Department of Education Northern Ireland. Retrieved 26 September 2023. "Schools 'must reopen' after Halloween break". Irish News. Retrieved 26 September 2023. Catholic school chiefs have insisted that the extended Halloween holiday must not be stretched out any further. Suarez, Essdras (29 October 2007). "Some Christians use 'Hell Houses' to reach out on Halloween". USA Today. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2015. While some Christians aren't certain what to make of Halloween – unsure whether to embrace or ignore all the goblins and ghoulishness – some evangelical churches use Oct. 31 as a day to evangelize. ...Some use trick-or-treating as an evangelistic opportunity, giving out Bible tracts with candy. "'Trick?' or 'Treat?' – Unmasking Halloween". The Restored Church of God. n.d. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2007. Do Orthodox Christians Observe Halloween? by Saint Spyridon Greek Orthodox Church The Jewish Life Cycle: rites of passage from biblical to modern times (Ivan G. Marcus), University of Washington Press, p. 232 "Jews and Halloween". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2013. A Jewish exploration of halloween Archived 31 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Jewish Journal Pitofsky, Marina (15 March 2022). "What day is Purim? Here's what you need to know about the Jewish holiday". USA Today. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022. A. Idris Palmer, Halloween: Through Muslim Eyes (PDF), Al Huda Institute Canada, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2009, retrieved 11 November 2015 "Halloween is 'haram,' declares Malaysia fatwa council". Al Arabiya English. 29 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2020. Tuesday, 28 October 2014 11:41 AM MYT (28 October 2014). "Trick or treat? Fatwa Council bars Muslims from celebrating Halloween | Malay Mail". www.malaymail.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020. "Fatawa – Is it forbidden for Muslims to celebrate days such as valentine's day and halloween?". Dar al-Ifta al Misriyyah. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020. Lauren Stengele (25 October 2012), Halloween in India?, Vision Nationals, archived from the original on 8 December 2015, retrieved 11 November 2015 Vineet Chander (30 October 2009), Trick or Treat? Not quite sure., Beliefnet, archived from the original on 8 December 2015, retrieved 11 November 2015 Soumya Dasgupta (5 November 2009), "Should Indians Celebrate Foreign Festivals Like Halloween?", The Wall Street Journal, archived from the original on 20 June 2015 George, Stephanie (25 October 2010). "Real-life witches that don't celebrate Halloween". The Manitoban. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014. Should Pagans Celebrate Halloween? (Wicasta Lovelace), Pagan Centric Halloween, From a Wiccan/Neopagan perspective (B.A. Robinson), Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance Halloween fire calls 'every 90 seconds' Archived 2 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine UTV News Retrieved 22 November 2010 McCann, Chris (28 October 2010). "Halloween firework injuries are on the increase". The Belfast Telegraph. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2010. "Kalan -Goañv ha Marv". Tartanplace.com. 12 July 2001. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2012. "¿Cómo se introduce la fiesta de Halloween en Chile?". noticias.universia.cl. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016. Paul Kent (27 October 2010). "Calls for Halloween holiday in Australia". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2013. Denton, Hannah (30 October 2010). "Safe treats for kids on year's scariest night". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2010. "Usein kysyttyä (FAQ)" (in Finnish). Helsingin yliopiston almanakkatoimisto. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2020. Doherty, Brennan (15 October 2023). "Why Americans may spend $12bn on Halloween in 2023". BBC News. Retrieved 17 October 2023. Further reading See also: Bibliography of Halloween Diane C. Arkins, Halloween: Romantic Art and Customs of Yesteryear, Pelican Publishing Company (2000). 96 pages. ISBN 1-56554-712-8 Diane C. Arkins, Halloween Merrymaking: An Illustrated Celebration Of Fun, Food, And Frolics From Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 112 pages. ISBN 1-58980-113-X Lesley Bannatyne, Halloween: An American Holiday, An American History, Facts on File (1990, Pelican Publishing Company, 1998). 180 pages. ISBN 1-56554-346-7 Lesley Bannatyne, A Halloween Reader. Stories, Poems and Plays from Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 272 pages. ISBN 1-58980-176-8 Phyllis Galembo, Dressed for Thrills: 100 Years of Halloween Costumes and Masquerade, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. (2002). 128 pages. ISBN 0-8109-3291-1 Editha Hörandner (ed.), Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo, Volkskunde (Münster in Westfalen), LIT Verlag Münster (2005). 308 pages. ISBN 3-8258-8889-4 Lisa Morton, Trick or Treat A history of Halloween, Reaktion Books (2012). 229 pages. ISBN 978-1-78023-187-7 Lisa Morton, The Halloween Encyclopedia, McFarland & Company (2003). 240 pages. ISBN 0-7864-1524-X Nicholas Rogers, Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, Oxford University Press, US (2002). ISBN 0-19-514691-3 Jack Santino (ed.), Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life, University of Tennessee Press (1994). 280 pages. ISBN 0-87049-813-4 David J. Skal, Death Makes a Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween, Bloomsbury US (2003). 224 pages. ISBN 1-58234-305-5 James Tipper, Gods of The Nowhere: A Novel of Halloween, Waxlight Press (2013). 294 pages. ISBN 978-0-9882433-1-6 External links Halloween at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Travel information from Wikivoyage Halloween at Curlie "A brief history of Halloween" by the BBC "All Hallows Eve (Halloween) in the Traditional, Pre-1955 Liturgical Books" by the Liturgical Arts Journal "The History of Halloween" by the History Channel vte Halloween Main topics History SamhainAllhallowtideSymbolsActivitiesGeographyChristian observances Traditions Trick-or-treatingCostumesApple bobbingCardsFood cakeGhost toursHalloween TreeJack-o'-lantern Stingy JackConnecticut field pumpkinLighting candles on gravesPrayer for the deadSoul cakePangangaluluwa Events BonfireHaunted attraction Hell housePumpkin festival Pumpkin Queen Media BooksFilmsMusic albumssongsTelevision Great PumpkinTreehouse of Horror Related events Festival of the Dead Bon FestivalChuseokDía de MuertosGai JatraPitru PakshaQingming FestivalTotensonntagZhōng yuán jiéParade of Lost Souls Veneration of the dead Death anniversaryDeath customsKaddishYizkor Other events AllantideAll Saints' DayAll Souls' DayBeggars NightDevil's NightDziadyEid il-BurbaraHop-tu-NaaKekriKorochunMischief NightNamahageOld HalloweenPunkie NightSaci Day Category: Halloween vte Halloween events Community Halloween in the CastroHeadless Horseman HayrideNew York's Village Halloween ParadePumpkin FestRutland Halloween ParadeShocktoberfestState Street Halloween Party (Madison)Terror Behind the Walls Jack-o-lantern At theme parks Fright FestFright NightsHalloWeekendsHalloween Haunt California's Great AmericaCanada's WonderlandDorney ParkKings DominionKings IslandHalloween SpooktacularHappy HalloweenHowl-O-Scream Busch Gardens Tampa BayBusch Gardens WilliamsburgSeaWorld San AntonioKnott's Scary FarmMickey's Halloween Party Halloween ScreamsMickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween PartySCarowindsUniversal's Halloween Horror NightsValleyScare vte Allhallowtide Main topics AllhallowtideAll Saints' DayAll Souls' DayReformation DayInternational Day of Prayer for the Persecuted ChurchRemembrance Sunday Traditions VigilMassChurch bellsVotive candlesVisitation of cemeteriesPrayer for the deadSoul cakeTrick-or-treatingHell houseOffice of the DeadPangangaluluwa Hymns For All the SaintsI Sing a Song of the Saints of GodIn Our Day of ThanksgivingYe Watchers and Ye Holy Ones Theology Calendar of saintsChristian burialChristian martyrsChristian views on HadesChurches Militant, Penitent, and TriumphantCommunion of saintsExorcism in ChristianityFour last thingsPersecution of Christians Related observances Blue ChristmasDay of the DeadHalloweenTotensonntagThursday of the Dead vte Liturgical year of the Catholic Church Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite of the Latin Church (1969 Calendar) Advent Sundays 1st2nd3rd4thImmaculate ConceptionDecember 17 to 23 Christmas Season Christmas Midnight MassHoly FamilyMary, Mother of GodEpiphanyBaptism of the Lord Ordinary Time Presentation of the Lord Lent Ash WednesdaySundays 1st2nd3rd4th5thSaint JosephAnnunciationPalm SundayHoly Week Paschal Triduum Holy Thursday Chrism MassMass of the Lord's SupperGood FridayHoly SaturdayEaster Vigil Easter Season Easter Sunday OctaveSundays 2nd Divine Mercy Sunday3rd4th5th6th7thAscensionPentecost Ordinary Time Trinity SundayCorpus ChristiSacred HeartVisitationNativity of John the BaptistSaints Peter and PaulTransfigurationAssumptionNativity of MaryExaltation of the CrossAll Saints' DayAll Souls' DayPresentation of MaryChrist the King Tridentine Mass of the Roman Rite of the Latin Church (1960 Calendar) Advent Sundays 1st2nd3rd4thRorate MassImmaculate ConceptionGreater FeriasWinter Ember Days Christmas Season ChristmasOctave Day of ChristmasHoly Name of Jesus Epiphany Season EpiphanyHoly FamilyBaptism of the LordPurification of MaryP Lent Pre-Lent SeptuagesimaSexagesimaQuinquagesima Lent Ash WednesdaySundays 1st2nd3rd4thSpring Ember DaysSaint JosephAnnunciation Passiontide Passion SundayPalm SundayPHoly WeekP Paschal Triduum TenebraeHoly Thursday Chrism MassMass of the Lord's SupperGood FridayHoly SaturdayEaster Vigil Easter Season Easter SundayP OctaveSundays after Easter 1st2nd3rd4th5th6thRogation DaysPAscensionP Pentecost Season PentecostSummer Ember DaysTrinity SundayCorpus ChristiPSacred HeartSaint John the BaptistSaints Peter and PaulPrecious BloodVisitationTransfigurationAssumptionNativity of MaryExaltation of the CrossPAutumn Ember DaysMaternity of MaryChrist the KingAll Saints' DayAll Souls' DayPresentation of Mary LegendP = Ordinary Procession according to the Roman Ritual LegendItalic font marks the 10 holy days of obligation in the universal calendar which do not normally fall on a Sunday. Older calendars 1955pre-1955TridentineLiturgical coloursRankingComputusEaster cycleicon Catholic Church portal vte Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States January New Year's Day (federal)Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. (federal) Birthday of Eugenio María de Hostos (PR)Confederate Heroes Day (TX)Eve of Three Kings' Day (PR, religious)Feast of Epiphany / Feast of Theophany (religious)Fred Korematsu Day (AZ, CA, FL, HI, VA)Idaho Human Rights Day (ID)Inauguration Day (federal quadrennial)Kansas Day (KS)Makar Sankranti / Pongal (religious)Robert E. Lee Day (FL)Stephen Foster Memorial Day (36)The Eighth (LA)Three Kings' Day (PR, VI, religious)World Religion Day (religious) January–February Super Bowl Sunday Chinese New Year / Lunar New Year (NY, cultural, religious)Vasant Panchami (religious) February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington's Birthday (federal)Valentine's Day Birthday of Luis Muñoz Marín (PR)Candlemas (religious)Charles Darwin Day / Darwin Day (CA, DE)Day of Remembrance (CA, OR, WA, cultural)Georgia Day (GA)Groundhog DayImbolc (religious)Lincoln's Birthday (CA, CT, IL, IN, MO, NY, WV)National Girls and Women in Sports DayNational Freedom Day (36)Nirvana Day (religious)Presentation of Our Lord to the Temple (religious)Promised Reformer Day (religious)Ronald Reagan Day (CA)Rosa Parks Day (CA, MO)Saviours' Day (religious)Susan B. Anthony Day (CA, FL, NY, WI, WV, proposed federal)Tu B’shvat (religious) February–March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday (PR, religious)Carnival (PR, VI, religious)Clean Monday (religious)Courir de Mardi Gras (religious)Intercalary Days (religious)Mahashivaratri (religious)Purim (religious)Shrove Tuesday (religious)Super Tuesday March Irish-American Heritage Month Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women's History Month Saint Patrick's Day (religious)Spring break (week) Annunciation of the Virgin Mary / Annunciation of the Theotokos (religious)Casimir Pulaski Day (IL)Cesar Chavez Day (CA, CO, TX, proposed federal)Emancipation Day in Puerto Rico (PR, cultural)Evacuation Day (Suffolk County, MA)Harriet Tubman Day (NY)Hola Mohalla (religious)Holi (NY, religious)L. Ron Hubbard's Birthday (religious)Lailat al-Mi'raj (religious)Liberation and Freedom Day (Charlottesville, VA, cultural)Mardi Gras (AL (in two counties), LA)Maryland Day (MD)Medal of Honor DayNational Poison Prevention Week (week)Nowruz (cultural, religious)Ostara (religious)Pi DayPrince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day (HI)Promised Messiah Day (religious)Saint Joseph's Day (religious)Seward's Day (AK)Texas Independence Day (TX)Town Meeting Day (VT)Transfer Day (VI)Trans Day of Visibility (cultural) March–April Easter (religious) Good Friday (CT, NC, PR, NJ, VI, religious)Hanuman Jayanti (religious)Holy Thursday (PR, VI, religious)Holy Week (PR, religious, week)Lazarus Saturday (religious)Mahavir Janma Kalyanak (religious)Mesha Sankranti / Hindu New Year (religious)Palm Sunday (PR, religious)Passover (religious, week)Easter Monday / Bright Monday (VI, religious)Ramnavami (religious)Chandramana Uugadi / Souramana Uugadi (religious) April Arab American Heritage Month Confederate History Month 420April Fools' DayArbor DayBirthday of José de Diego (PR)Confederate Memorial Day (AL, MS)Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust (week)Earth DayEmancipation Day (cultural)Thomas Jefferson's Birthday (AL)Lag B’Omer (religious)Last Friday of Great Lent (religious)Pascua Florida (FL)Patriots' Day (MA, ME)Ridván (religious)San Jacinto Day (TX)Siblings DayWalpurgis Night (religious)Yom Ha'atzmaut (cultural, religious) May Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Military Appreciation Month Memorial Day (federal)Mother's Day (36)Cinco de Mayo Ascension of Baháʼu'lláh (religious)Ascension of Our Lord (religious)Caliphate Day (religious)Declaration of the Bab (religious)Harvey Milk Day (CA)International Workers' Day / May Day (CA, unofficial, proposed state)Law Day (36)Loyalty Day (36)Malcolm X Day (CA, IL, proposed federal)Military Spouse DayNational Day of Prayer (36)National Day of ReasonNational Defense Transportation Day (36)National Maritime Day (36)Peace Officers Memorial Day (36)Pentecost (religious)Shavuot (religious)Truman Day (MO)Vesak / Buddha's Birthday (religious) June Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Juneteenth (federal, cultural)Father's Day (36) Bunker Hill Day (Suffolk County, MA)Carolina Day (SC)Don Young Day (AK)Fast of the Holy Apostles (religious)Flag Day (36, proposed federal)Helen Keller Day (PA)Honor America Days (3 weeks)Jefferson Davis Day (AL, FL)Kamehameha Day (HI)Litha (religious)Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Sahib (religious)Odunde Festival (Philadelphia, PA, cultural)Senior Week (week)Saint John's Day (PR, religious)West Virginia Day (WV) July Independence Day (federal) Asalha Puja Day (religious)Birthday of Don Luis Muñoz Rivera (PR)Birthday of Dr. José Celso Barbosa (PR)Emancipation Day in the U.S. Virgin Islands (VI, cultural)Guru Purnima (religious)Khordad Sal (religious)Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea (HI, unofficial, cultural)Martyrdom of the Báb (religious)Parents' Day (36)Pioneer Day (UT)Puerto Rico Constitution Day (PR) July–August Summer vacation Tisha B'Av (religious) August American Family Day (AZ)Barack Obama Day in Illinois (IL)Bennington Battle Day (VT)Dormition of the Theotokos (religious)Eid-e-Ghadeer (religious)Fast in Honor of the Holy Mother of Lord Jesus (religious)Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (religious)Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day (HI)Krishna Janmashtami (religious)Lammas (religious)Lyndon Baines Johnson Day (TX)Naga Panchami (religious)National Aviation Day (36)Paryushana (religious)Raksha Bandhan (religious)Transfiguration of the Lord (religious)Victory Day (RI)Women's Equality Day (36) September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Childhood Cancer Awareness Month Labor Day (federal) Brazilian Day (NY, cultural)California Admission Day (CA)Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day (36)Constitution Day (36)Constitution WeekDefenders Day (MD)Elevation of the Holy Cross (religious)Feast of San Gennaro (NY, cultural, religious)Ganesh Chaturthi (religious)Gold Star Mother's Day (36)His Holiness Sakya Trizin's Birthday (religious)Mabon (religious)National Grandparents Day (36)National Payroll Week (week)Nativity of Mary / Nativity of the Theotokos (religious)Native American Day (proposed federal)Patriot Day (36)Von Steuben Day September–October Hispanic Heritage Month Chehlum Imam Hussain (religious)OktoberfestPitri Paksha (religious)Rosh Hashanah / Feast of Trumpets (TX, NY, religious)Shemini Atzeret (religious)Simchat Torah (religious)Vijaya Dashami (religious)Yom Kippur / Day of Atonement (TX, NY, religious) October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month Columbus Day (federal)Halloween Alaska Day (AK)Child Health Day (36)General Pulaski Memorial DayGerman-American DayIndigenous Peoples' DayInternational Day of Non-ViolenceLeif Erikson Day (36)Missouri Day (MO)Nanomonestotse (cultural)National School Lunch Week (week)Native American Day in South Dakota (SD)Nevada Day (NV)Spirit Day (cultural)Sweetest DaySukkot / Feast of Tabernacles (religious, week)Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day (PR, VI)White Cane Safety Day (36) October–November Birth of the Báb (religious)Birth of Baháʼu'lláh (religious)Day of the Dead (VI)Diwali (NY, religious)Mawlid al-Nabi (religious) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day (federal)Thanksgiving (federal) Ascension of ‘Abdu’l Baha (religious)All Saints' Day (religious)Beginning of the Nativity Fast (religious)Beltane / Samhain (religious)Barack Obama Day in Alabama (Perry County, AL)D. Hamilton Jackson Day (VI)Day after Thanksgiving (24)Day of the Covenant (religious)Discovery of Puerto Rico Day (PR)Election Day (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, VA, WV, proposed federal)Family Day (NV)Guru Nanak Gurpurab (religious)Hanukkah (religious)Lā Kūʻokoʻa (HI, unofficial, cultural)Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur (religious)Native American Heritage Day (MD, WA, cultural)Presentation of the Theotokos to the Temple (religious)Trans Day of Remembrance (cultural)Unthanksgiving Day (cultural) December Christmas (religious, federal)New Year's Eve Advent Sunday (religious)Alabama Day (AL)Birthday of Guru Gobind Singh Sahib (religious)Bodhi Day (religious)Chalica (religious)Christmas Eve (KY, NC, SC, PR, VI)Day after Christmas (KY, NC, SC, TX, VI)FestivusHumanLightHanukkah (religious, week)Immaculate Conception (religious)Indiana Day (IN)Kwanzaa (cultural, week)Milad Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin (religious)National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day (36)Nativity of Jesus (religious)Old Year's Night (VI)Pan American Aviation Day (36)Pancha Ganapati (religious, week)Rosa Parks Day (OH, OR)Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (religious)Wright Brothers Day (36)Yule (religious)Zartosht No-Diso (religious) Varies (year round) Eid al-Adha (NY, religious)Eid al-Fitr (NY, religious)Islamic New Year (religious)Yawm al-Arafa (religious)Hajj (religious)Laylat al-Qadr (religious)Navaratri (religious, four times a year)Obon (religious)Onam (religious)Ramadan (religious, month)Ghost Festival (religious)Yawm Aashura (religious) Legend: (federal) = federal holidays, (abbreviation) = state/territorial holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (cultural) = holiday related to a specific racial/ethnic group or sexual minority, (week) = week-long holidays, (month) = month-long holidays, (36) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies See also: Lists of holidays, Hallmark holidays, Public holidays in the United States, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands. vte Algeria Holidays, observances, and celebrations in Algeria January New Year's Day (1)Yennayer (12) February Valentine's Day (14)Tafsut (28) March International Women's Day (8)Victory Day (19)World Water Day (22)Maghrebi Blood Donation Day (30)Spring vacation (2 last weeks) April April Fools' Day (1)Knowledge Day (16)Berber Spring (20)Earth Day (22)Election Day (Thursday) May International Workers' Day (1)World Press Freedom Day (3)Mother's Day (last Sunday) June–July–August Summer vacation (varies) June Children's Day (1)Father's Day (21) July Independence Day (5) September International Day of Peace (21) October International Day of Non-Violence (2)Halloween (31) November Revolution Day (1) December Christmas Eve (24)Christmas (25)New Year's Eve (31)Winter vacation (2 last weeks) Varies (year round) Hijri New Year's Day (Muharram 1)Ashura (Muharram 10) Ashura in AlgeriaMawlid (Rabi' al-Awwal 12) Mawlid in AlgeriaRamadan (Ramadan 1)Laylat al-Qadr (Ramadan 27)Eid al-Fitr (Shawwal 1)Day of Arafah (Dhu al-Hijjah 9)Eid al-Adha (Dhu al-Hijjah 10) Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria, which often represent the major celebrations of the month. See also: Lists of holidays. vte England English festivals and fairs English festivals Plough MondayMothering Sunday (Mother's Day)EasterHocktideSt George's DayLammasHalloweenSoulingGuy Fawkes NightChristmas Fairs and others Well dressing Category: Festivals in England vte LaVeyan Satanism High Priest Anton LaVey (1966–1997)Peter H. Gilmore (2001–present) High Priestess Diane Hegarty (1966–1985)Zeena LaVey (1985–1990)Karla LaVey (1990–1999)Blanche Barton (1997–2002)Peggy Nadramia (2002–present) Organizations Church of SatanFirst Satanic Church(see also The Black House, Grotto, Council of Nine) Influential figures Friedrich NietzscheAyn RandHerbert SpencerArthur DesmondCharles DarwinSigmund FreudNiccolò MachiavelliCarl JungWilhelm ReichP.T. BarnumWilliam MortensenAleister CrowleyMaria de NaglowskaStanisław PrzybyszewskiHelena BlavatskyGrigori RasputinBenjamin FranklinH. P. LovecraftEdward BernaysH. L. MenckenJack LondonAmbrose BierceBenjamin De CasseresArthur SchopenhauerMax StirnerBernardino NogaraBasil ZaharoffMark TwainJohn Milton Literature The Satanic BibleThe Satanic WitchThe Satanic RitualsThe Secret Life of a SatanistWe Are SatanistsThe Devil's NotebookSatan Speaks!Letters from the DevilThe Satanic Scriptures Other media The Satanic MassSatanis: The Devil's MassSpeak of the Devil: The Canon of Anton LaVeyThe Black FlameSatan Takes a HolidayStrange MusicDeath Scenes Satanic holidays BirthdayEquinoxesWalpurgisnachtSolsticesHalloweenYule Ideas and concepts AmoralityAnimalismAntihumanismBalance of natureBlasphemyBurlesqueCarnalityCarnivalesqueCarpe diem, carpe noctemElitismEpicureanismEgoismEgotheismEugenicsGrotesque bodyHierarchyIndividualismIconoclasmJungian psychologyLaw of the jungleLex talionisMaterialismMeritocracyMisanthropyNaturalismPragmatismPsychic vampireRealismSelf-preservationSocial DarwinismSocial stratificationUniversal Darwinism Related topics An Interview with Peter H. 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  • Condition: In Excellent Condition
  • Options: Commemorative
  • Certification Number: Frankenstein
  • Fineness: Frankenstein
  • Grade: Ungraded
  • Material: Metal
  • Certification: Uncertified
  • Colour: Gun Metal Silver
  • Year of Issue: 2024
  • Currency: Dracula
  • Features: Commemorative
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: United Kingdom
  • Variety: Vermont
  • Country of Origin: United States
See Also
George Miller – Mark BouldWild (2014) - Financial InformationNik Nak’s Daily Teaser — 23-5-2021: The Library

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